Medieval & Scholastic Theologies

“The ‘Breviloquium’ and ‘The Journey of the Mind to God’… are generally recognized as St. Bonaventure’s masterpieces. They contain the essence of that system of supernatural teaching which the Seraphic doctor develops fully in his ‘Commentaries on the Four Books of Sentences,’ and to which he alludes constantly in ‘The Triple Way’…” – Foreward

John Duns Scotus (c.1266-1308)

English

The Works of John Duns Scotus in English (RBO)

Latin

All the Works new. ed. (Paris, 1891) Brief ToC to the first 12 vols.

1. Of Signifying Modes, or of Speculative Grammar Detailed ToC

To the Reader, by Scotus

Speculative Grammar, 54 chs. 1

The Most Keen Questions of Porphyry [d. c. 305] upon [Logical] Universals, 36 questions 50

Questions on the Book of Predications, 44 questions 437

Questions on the First Book of Interpretation [of Aristotle], 10 questions 539

On Two Books of the Interpretation, which they call 8 Questions, 8 questions 582-601

2. Detailed ToC

Questions on the Books of Chains [of Aristotle], 56 questions 1

Questions on the 1^st Book of the Prior Analytics of Aristotle, 37 questions 81

Questions on the 2^nd Book of the Prior Analytics of Aristotle, 8 questions 179

Questions on the 1^st Book of the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle, 47 questions 199

Questions on the 2^nd Book of the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle, 13 questions 323

A Most Clear Exposition & Questions on the 8 Books of Aristotle’s Physics, bk. 1, 24 questions 352

Bk. 2, 15 questions 505
Bk. 3, 10 questions 606

3. Detailed ToC

Questions on the Books of Aristotle’s Physics, bk. 4, 18 questions 4

Bk. 5, 7 questions 179
Bk. 6, 10 questions 249
Bk. 7, 7 questions 332
Bk. 8, 9 questions 397

Questions on the Book of Aristotle’s On the Soul, 23 questions 475

A Supplemental Index of Disputations & Sections to the Questions of Scotus on the Soul 643

Disputation 1, On the Substance & Information on the Soul, 19 sections 643

Disputation 2, On the Corporeal Powers of the Soul, 15 sections 688

Disputation 3, On the Intellect & Will, 18 questions 721

Disputation 4, On the Separated Soul, 7 questions 765

4. Detailed ToC

Questions of Meteorology, bk. 1, 26 questions 3

Bk. 2, 9 questions 127
Bk. 3, 9 questions 166
Bk. 4, 4 questions 209

Questions on the Principle [Principio] of Things, 26 questions 267

On the First Principle of All Things, 4 chs. 721-99

5. Detailed ToC

Theorems, 23 theorems 2

Collations, 39 collations 131

An Imperfect Tract on the Knowledge [Cognitio] of God, 6 questions 318

Miscellaneous Questions on Formalities, 7 questions 338

A Most Clear Exposition on the 12 Books of the Metaphysics of Aristotle, bk. 1, 3 sums 442

Bk. 2, 1 sum, 3 chs. 558
Bk. 3, 2 sums 581
Bk. 4, 2 sums 647

6. Detailed ToC

Exposition on the Metaphysics of Aristotle, Continued

Bk. 5, The significations of some spoken names are distinguished in a variety of ways 1
Bk. 6 126
Bk. 7 152
Bk. 8 275
Bk. 9 309
Bk. 10 362
Bk. 11 430
Bk. 12 519

7. Detailed ToC

Most Subtle Questions upon the Books of the Metaphysics of Aristotle, Prologue 2

Bk. 1 1
Bk. 2 96
Bk. 3 142
Bk. 4 145
Bk. 5 189
Bk. 6 302
Bk. 7 350
Bk. 8 483
Bk. 9 529
Bk. 10 622
Bk. 11 (Missing)
Bk. 12 658

8. Detailed ToC

The Distinctions & Questions of the 1^st Book of the Sentences, Prefaces 1

Prologue, 4 questions 74
1^st Distinction, 5 questions 298
2^nd Distinction, 7 questions 393-507

9. Detailed ToC

The Distinctions & Questions of the 1^st Book of the Sentences, Continued

3^rd Distinction, 9 distinctions 1
4^th Distinction, 2 questions 418
5^th Distinction, 2 questions 435
6^th Distinction, 1 question 505
7^th Distinction, 1 question 522
8^th Distinction, 5 questions 559
9^th Distinction, 1 question 768
10^th Distinction, 1 question 784
11^th Distinction, 2 questions 822
12^th Distinction, 2 questions 850
13^th Distinction, 1 question 881

10. Detailed ToC

The Distinctions & Questions of the First Book of the Sentences, Continued

14^th Distinction 1
15^th Distinction, 1 question 5
16^th Distinction, 1 question 16
17^th Distinction, 6 questions 32
18^th Distinction, 1 question 137
19^th Distinction, 2 questions 160
20^th Distinction, 1 question 196
21^st Distinction, 1 question 208
22^nd Distinction, 2 questions 221
23^rd Distinction, 1 question 253
24^th Distinction, 1 question 266
25^th Distinction, 1 question 273
26^th Distinction, 1 question 287
27^th Distinction, 3 questions 355
28^th Distinction, 3 questions 388
29^th Distinction, 1 question 439
30^th Distinction, 2 questions 444
31^st Distinction, 1 question 483
32^nd Distinction, 2 questions 500
33^rd Distinction 521
34^th Distinction, 1 question 526
35^th Distinction, 1 question 533
36^th Distinction, 1 question 561
37^th Distinction, 1 question 588
38^th Distinction, 1 question 600
39^th Distinction, 1 question 610
40^th Distinction, 1 question 677
41^st Distinction, 1 question 686
42^nd Distinction, 1 question 711
43^rd Distinction, 1 question 725
44^th Distinction, 1 question 742
45^th Distinction, 1 question 752
46^th Distinction, 1 question 762
47^th Distinction, 1 question 771
48^th Distinction, 1 question 777

11. Detailed ToC

The Distinctions & Questions of the 2^nd Book of the Sentences, Approbation 1

Distinction 1, question 5 2
Distinction 2, 12 questions 210-569

12. Detailed ToC

The Distinctions & Questions of the 2^nd Book of the Sentences, Continued

3^rd Distinction, 11 questions 1
4^th Distinction, 1 question 292
5^th Distinction, 2 questions 295
6^th Distinction, 2 questions 331
7^th Distinction, 1 question 368
8^th Distinction, 1 question 414
9^th Distinction, 2 questions 423
10^th Distinction, 1 question 521
11^th Distinction, 1 question 525
12^th Distinction, 2 questions 543
13^th Distinction, 1 question 608
14^th Distinction, 3 questions 638

William of Ockham (c. 1287 – 1347)

English

Ordinatio

Prologue
bk. 1

dist. 1 Use & Enjoyment,
dist. 2 Divine Attributes, Real Distinction & Universals
…

…

Gregory of Rimini

Latin

On the First & Second of the Sentences, vol. 1, 2 (Giunta, 1522) ToC 1, 2 Index 1, 2 Bks. 3-4 were never written or lost. Here is a modern fascimile reprint of the 1522 edition which is much easier to read: Franciscan Institute Publications, Text Series no. 7, ed. Eligius Buytaert (St. Bonaventure NY: Franciscan Institute, 1955); the page numbers match. Rimini also has a critical edition by De Gruyter (1981) in 7 vols. Pre 1 (bk 1: 1-6), 2 (7-17), 3, 4 (bk 2: 1-5), 5 (6-18), 6 (24-44), 7 (Indices)

Gregory (c. 1300–1358) was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages. He was often a favorite of the reformed. He was the first scholastic writer to unite the Oxonian and Parisian traditions in 14th-century philosophy, and his work had a lasting influence in the Late Middle Ages and Reformation. His scholastic nicknames were Doctor acutus and Doctor authenticus.

His views strongly influenced some of the Protestant Reformers. Gregory adhered to Augustine’s predestination and famously condemned unbaptized infants to Hell, for which he gained the nickname Infantium Tortor (torturer, or tormentor, of infants). Gregory taught the doctrines of double predestination and limited atonement.

Gregory Rimini had a unique take on traditional nominalist views. He believed that mental objects are used strictly for convenient social conventions and nothing else.

Bk. 1

Prologue 1

1. Whether with respect to the object of theology, the knowledge acquired is properly wisdom (scientifica) 1

1. What may be the object of the wisdom 1
2. Whether theological discourse speaks properly 2
3. Whether the intellect, by its acts and habits, is properly said to know or to understand (scientia) 3
4. That which is principally queried 5

2. Whether concerning this object one is able to have wisdom (scientia) or opinion 7b

1. Whether of the same object of which is theology, one may be able to have wisdom or opinion, whether it is from this same thing, or from another thing with another 7
2. Whether man is able to simultaneously have wisdom and theology of this same object 8
3. Whether man is able simultaneously to have wisdom and opinion of this same thing 10
4. Whether from the same, of the same, one is able to have wisdom and opinion 10

3. Whether the concluding theological object may be one habit 11

1. Whether plural conclusions may be one habit by number 14
2. In what way a multitude of conclusions may be one habit by number; in what way not 15
3. Of the principel question 15

4. Whether God as God may be the subject in theology 15

1. Which may be the proper subject of knowledge insofar… 15
2. Is of the principal question 16

5. Whether theology may be speculative or practical 18

1. What is properly spoken of practice: from which habit practice is called
2. Whether understanding (notitia) may be properly practical and speculative 19
3. [difficult to translate] 21
4. Of the principal question 22

1. 22b

1. Whether the use of things may be enjoyment (fruitio), or the act to use may be an act to enjoy 22

1. Whether an act of the will may be a using or an enjoying 22
2. Whether the use of things may be an enjoyment is that which is principally queried 23
3. Whether use and enjoyment may be able to be (the same?) in the will 24

2. Whether enjoyment is an act solely of the will 25

1. [blotted out in ToC]
2. [blotted out in ToC]
3. Whether enjoyment may be a loving, or another operation solely of the will 29

3. Whether one may enjoy with reference to God only 29

1. In what things the will may be able to enjoy 29
2. In what things the will may be able to use 30
3. Whether some created enjoyment may be able to be the enjoyment of another objectively; and similarly it is queried of understanding (notitia) 32

Whether God may be known through Himself 33

1. That He says He is known through Himself 33
2. Is of the question 33

2. 33

1. Whether God may be known through Himself 33

1. That He says He is known through Himself 33
2. Is of the question 35

3. 36

1. Whether sensible things may be understood by us naturally 36

1. Two conclusions are put forth beside the distinction by premissed distinctions 36
2. Contains four doubts on sensitive notions 38

2. Whether insensible created things may be naturally known by us 44

1. Is of the question 44
2. Contains four doubts and solves them 45

3. [blotted out in ToC]

1. [blotted out in ToC]
2. Whether a universal may be the first cognition from the intellect rather than a singular, or the converse 47
3. Whether a sensible singular may be [???] known and a purely intelligiable singular 48

4. Whether we are able to naturally know God 49

4. 52b

1. Whether for the Father to generate may be in the Father Himself 52b
2. Whether this may be true: God has generated God 52b

5. 53

1. Whether the divine essence may beget or be begotten 53
2. Whether the divine essence may be formally… or the whole teriminus of divine begetting 55

1. Whether the essential substance or divine nature may be the subject of divine generation 56
2. Whether that itself may be the formal terminus of begetting 57

6. 58b

Whether the Father generated the Son by necessity or by will 58b

1. Whether the Father begot the Son by necessity 59
2. Whether naturally 59
3. Whether voluntarily 59

7. 63

Whether the divine essence may be the power or principle of generating the Son 63

1. Whether in divinity may be some true elicit power or principle producing to the inside (ad intra) 63
2. It is inquired whether such a principle may be the essence or a relation, or something other 64

8. 65b

1. [On simplicity and distinctions about plural attributes] 65

1. [blotted out in ToC] 66
2. Of the truth of that and of the question 66

2. Whether the attributed perfections may be distinguished by reason 68

1. Is of the question 68
2. Whether the attributes are distinguished by reason 71
3. Whether any attribute may be predicated in some way of God and of another attribute 71
4. Whether an abstract attribute and its concrete thing, spoken of God, may be synonymous 74

3. Whether, since divine simplicity may be compatible, God may be some thing of a genus or of another predication 74

1. Whether according to the simplicity of God that is to be denied 74
2. Whether according to some other thing that is to be denied 75

9. 77

Whether the divine will may be that which is producing the Holy Spirit 77

1. Is of the question 77
2. Whether the Holy Spirit may be produced freely or naturally 78

10. 79

1. Whether the divine will may have been [???] producing the Holy Spirit 79

1. Is of the question 79
2. Whether the Holy Spirit may be produced freely or naturally 79

11. 81

1. Whether if the Holy Spirit may not be proceeding from the Son 81
[blotted out of ToC]

12. 82b

Whether the Father and Son may be one principle spirating the Holy Spirit 82b

13. 83b

Whether the procession of the Holy Spirit by spiration may be a begetting 83b

14-16. 83b

Whether the Holy Spirit, the third Person in the Trinity with the Father and the Son, One God substantially, may be sent, or given to the creature temporally, or not Himself, but his gift 83b

1. Consists in some conclusions 83
2. On doubts and solutions 84

17. 85b

1. Whether it may be possible by some merit to love God, not having in oneself a created habit of charity infused 85b

1. Is of the question [??] the ordained power of God 89
2. Is of the same [??] the absolute power of God 89

2. Whether some intensive augmentation of the corporal form may be a continuous motion 89

1. Is of the question 89
2. Whether any form newly acquired may be given… 91
3. Whether whatever such form form may be given minimally 95
4. Whether in whatever intention may be given the first intending 98

3. Whether a corporal form may be intended… 99

1. [blotted out of ToC]
2. [blotted out of ToC]

4. [blotted out of ToC] 104

1. Is of the question 105
2. Whether a prior part may remain [???] with a part following 107

5. Whether charity may be able to be augmented 111

1. Is of the question 111
2. Solves two doubts and contains two conclusions 112

6. Whether charity may be able to be augmented to infinity… 117

[18 is not existant]
19-20. 119b

Whether the divine persons are equal in magnitude and power 119b

1. Whether the divine Persons may be equal in magnitude 119b
2. Whether they may be equal in power 120

[21-23 is not existant]
24. 120b

1. Whether ‘one’, which is the principle of number, may be truly spoken of God 120

1. Whether ‘one’, convertible with being, may be spoken of God 120
2. Is of the question 122

2. Whether numeral terms be greatly important, and thus ‘two’ and ‘three’ may be spoken of divine persons 123

1. Whether any number may be held through the apprehension of the soul 123
2. Whether it may be a distinct thing from the things of number 124
3. Whether even it may be in corporal things 126
4. Whether three persons may be a true number 126

[25 is not existant]
26-27. 127

Whether the divine Persons are constituted by their properties and in turn personally distinguished 127

1. Some distinctions are posited 127
2. Four conclusions are put forth 127

30[?]

1. Whether a relation is an outside thing ??? distinct from every thing ??? 128

1. Whether every relation may be subjectively or objectively in the soul 128
2. Of the principal question 129

28. 129b

1. Whether any relation may be a true thing not existing or an operation of the soul 129

1. One distinction on the acception of this named relation 129
2. Three conclusions 129

2. Whether any relation may be an entity distinct from that absolute entity 132
3. Whether God may be really referred to the creature; four conclusions with objections 138

[Not existant]
33-34. 140

Whether in God the Person or personal property may distinguish from the divine essence… 140

1. Recites an opinion and disapproves from them 141
2. Is of the question, containing four conclusions 141
3. Contains four doubts on the same 142

35-36. 144

1. [blotted out of ToC] 144

[Not existant]
38. 147

1. Whether any singular enunciation of God is categorical of the future in the matter of contingency unto whatever is the truth 147

1. Shows what was Aristotle’s opinion 147
2. What [???] truth ought to be held 148
3. What contingency is a contingency opposing this sense: All that is which is necessary is being. 149

2. Whether God may know all future things 151

1. Distinctions on God and future things are premitted 151
2. Is of the way in which God knows future things 152
3. Whether with the prescience of God [???] future things may be put forth as contingently future 153

39. 156

Whether the knowledge (scia) or prescience of God may be able to be augmented or lessened by any premissed distinctions 156

1. Contains six conclusions by which are shown whether God… 156
2. On the knowledge [scientia] of enunciations 156

40-41. 157

Whether any man from eternity was predestined or reprobated of God 157

1. Is of the question 157
2. Whether in predestination there may be some cause of his predestination, and in reprobates similarly 157
3. Whether it may be possible someone predestined be damned or someone reprobated saved 158

42-44. 161b

Whether God may be able to make by his absolute power everything possible to be made 161b

1. Whether God is able to make every possible being of his absolute power 161

1. Distinctions on possibility and power are premitted 161
2. Corollaries inferred contra cases objected 162

2. Whether God is able to speak falsely 165

1. Distinctions are possited on speaking falsely 165
2. Conclusions and solution 167

3. Whether it follows… to posit God to be of infinite power or of virtue intensively 168

1. They perceive [???] and his [???] 168
2. What is the truth of the judgment 169
3. Contra sayings objected and solution 170

4. Whether God by his infinite power may be able to produce some infinite act 171

1. Three conclusions with their proofs 171
2. Objections with their solutions 172
3. Whether the infinite may be able to… 176

45. 177

Whether God’s will may be the first efficient cause of all things which have been made

1. Distinctions are set forth on causes 177
2. Seven conclusions are put forth with their proofs 177

46-47. 179

Whether God’s will may be fulfilled? 179

1. They put forth some distinctions on God’s will 179
2. They put forth two conclusions 180

48. 181-81b

1. …to the question on the will of sign 181
2. On the will of good-pleasure they put forth three conclusions with objections [???] 181

Bk. 2

1. 1

1. Whether Aristotle and (?) Averroes may have perceived all other beings from the first to be made, or more ably refuted those having the opinion that many beings do not have an effective principle 1
2. Whether the conclusion with respect to Aristotle, that many beings lack an effective principle, has been evidently proved from himself by effective reason, or is able to be proved out of his sayings
3. Whether through some potential it was possible one thing rather than another thing was from God from eternity or was itself without principle or duration
4. Whether a motion is some thing distinct ??? itself from every thing permanently one, or many things
5. Whether an action is a thing distinct from a thing which is and from working and passion, even from passion itself
6. Whether creation and conservation are distinct entities amongst themselves and are from the thing which God may create or conserve

2. 26

1. Whether angels were before time or after
2. Whether an angel may be in a divisible or indivisible place
3. Whether an angel may be able to simultaneously be in many places

3-5. 41

Whether an angel was able in any first instance to sin or to merit

6. 46

1. Whether an angel is able to move locally from itself
2. Whether an angel is able to move from place to place in some temporal succession
3. Whether an angel is able to move from place to place in an instant

7. 52

1. Whether a hardened angel may be able by a proper virtue remaining by the common influence of God to elicit to will some some good
2. Whether whatever thing an angel understands he may understand by an intellection from the thing which he understands, which is essentially distinct from his intellect
3. Whether angels know things through species distinct from actual notions by which they know things themselves
4. Whether we are able to naturally contemplate or know by intuition something not existing
5. Whether an angel receives by his intellections species and intellections by which he naturally knows other things

[Not existant]
9-10. 70

1. Whether one angel naturally of himself may be able to know distinctly and intuitively cognitions of other angels and even ourselves
2. Whether an angel is able naturally to speak to another angel by an intellectual speaking

11. Whether every angel of them may simultaneously have, or be able to have, species, himself naturally being able to know by a distinct act 72
12. 75

1. Whether substantial corporal matter may be an entity by a distinct act from its form
2. Whether generatable and corruptible substantial matter from whatever form it is itself informing may be naturally separable

[Not existant]
15. Whether in generated mixed things out of the elements the essences remain of those elements 80
16-17. 81.b

1. Whether one is able to evidently prove the intellective soul ???, by which man is, according to the image of God, to be the substantial form of man
2. Whether besides the intellective soul, there may be some other substantial form in man
3. Whether in man the sensitive and intellective powers may be really distinguished from his soul

18. Whether out of the rib of Adam without another matieral added was the body of Eve formed 89

[Not existant]
24-25. 90.b

Whether the will of man may be the immediate productive cause of the acts of free choice

26-28. 92

1. Whether man in the present state standing by the influence of God may be able naturally(?) through free choice and his natural powers, without the special help of God to do some morally good act
2. Whether man in the present state is able, out of his natural powers without the special help of God is able to escape any sin

29. 103.b

Whether man before sin needed operating and cooperating grace

30-33. 115.b

1. Whether original sin may be a punishment or guilt
2. Whether the blessed Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin
3. Whether those dying with only original sin are punished by some punishment of sense

34-37. 116.b

Whether God may be the immediate effecting cause of actual sin

38-41. Whether goodness or badness in the work of it may work the goodness or badness of its intention 123.b
42-44. Whether a man may simultaneously sin more by a bad will and a concomitant exterior operation than by a bad will itself alone(?) 127.b

Additions [These are in the ToC but not the volume.]

Whether one may be abe to naturally, evidentally know that there is one universal principle from which other entities are produced

Whether by natural reason it may be evidently probable that God is the universal and last end of other entities

2. Whether angels were created simultaneously with time or before or after time
7. Whether an angel may be understood through a distinct species from an actual intellection
9. Whether one receives species which, being from angelic things, are causes of intellections, which things he himself understands or turns about
12. Whether in the presently standing state one is able by the general influence of God, through free choice and his natural powers, without the special grace of God, to do some morally good act
Remaining additions which are not principles of questions

A Collection

Penner, Sydney – ‘Other Scholastics (and some Non-Scholastics) — Online Resources’ at Sydney Penner

Provides collections of works, mainly in Latin, for:

Aurioli, Averroes (& Aristotle), Bellarmine, Belluto, Buridan, Capreolus, Cherubini, Conimbrincenses, Descartes, Dupasquier, Durandus, Frassen, Geulincx, Ghent, Lychetus, Mair, Mastrius, Molina, Orbellis, Revius, Scotus, Tartaretus, Aquinas, Trombeta, Vasquez.