“He is not here: for He is risen.”
Mt. 28:6
“So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, He was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.”
Mk. 16:19
“Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”
Lk. 24:39
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Subsection
Communion of Christ’s Natures & the Extra Calvinisticum
Communication of Properties
.
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Order of Contents
Intro
Ubiquity 5
. Quotes 2
. History 4
. Latin 28+
Multi-Presence 2
. Latin 2
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Intro
“Ubiquity” means “everywhere”. While Christ the Mediator is everywhere present by his divine nature, yet his human nature (the same as ours) is not omnipresent, or ubiquitous, as the Lutherans have generally (though not universally) held. The driving motivation for them to arrive at this conclusion has been their understanding of the Lord’s Supper, affirming, due to Christ’s words, “This is my body,” that Christ’s body and blood is invisibly in, with and under the bread and wine. This view is known as Consubstantiation: Christ’s human nature is with the substance of the bread and wine.
Romanists have (strongly) disagreed with the Lutherans, holding that Christ’s human nature is not everywhere present, though it is at times present in many locations throughout the world due to Transubstantiation in the Mass, that the substance, though not the form of the bread and wine is changed into Christ’s body and blood.
The Reformed have rightly argued against both these views, from both Scripture and nature. Positing multi, simultaneous locations for a human body destroys its nature so that Christ would not have the same nature as us, nor we the same nature as Him. Christ having our same nature is a fundamental and necessary supposition for his atonement. For a more full introduction and argument for the Reformed view, see the Extended Introduction to our page, ‘On the Communication of the Properties of Christ’s Human & Divine Natures’.
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Against the Ubiquity (Everywhere-ness) of Christ’s Human Nature
This has been the typical Lutheran doctrine.
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Articles
1500’s
Ursinus, Zachary – 1. How Christ is said to have been Dead in The Sum of Christian Religion: Delivered… in his Lectures upon the Catechism… tr. Henrie Parrie (d. 1583; Oxford, 1587), Of Christ’s Death
Zanchi, Girolamo – Confession of the Christian Religion… (1586; Cambridge, 1599), ‘Certain Propositions’
‘Of the Nature, Singularity & Immeasurableness of One True God [& Against Ubiquity]’ (1573) 371-76
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1600’s
Maccovius, Johannes – Johannes Maccovius Revived, or Manuscripts of his… ed. Nicolaas Arnoldi (Amsterdam, 1659)
‘An Examination of the Lutheran Controversies’
3. ‘Of the Human Nature of Christ’ 580-81
Maccovius (1588-1644)
‘Anti-Eckhardus’ [Heinrich Eckhardi 1580-1624]
3. ‘Of the Human Nature of Christ’ 636-37
Rijssen, Leonard – Controversy 1, ‘Is Christ’s body not only in heaven but also everywhere on earth? We deny against the Lutherans’ in A Complete Summary of Elenctic Theology & of as Much Didactic Theology as is Necessary trans. J. Wesley White MTh thesis (Bern, 1676; GPTS, 2009), ch. 12, Christ’s Offices, pp. 142-43
.
1800’s
Vos, Geerhardus – pp. 427-36 of ch. 3, ‘Person & Natures’ in Reformed Dogmatics tr: Richard Gaffin 1 vol. ed. Buy (1896; Lexham Press, 2020), vol. 3
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Book
1500’s
Vermigli, Peter Martyr – A Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ ed. & trans. John Donnelly in The Peter Martyr Library, vol. 2 Buy (Truman State Univ. Press, 1995; Davenant Institute, 2018) 214 pp.
This was the last work of Vermigli. The Dialogue is between Orothetes (who is reformed) and Pantachus (who is Lutheran). The principal theological topic in disputed is the ubiquity of Christ’s human nature, as related to the Lord’s Supper. The work was dedicated to John Jewel in England.
“As I shall show, the Lutheran theologians [on the metaphysics of the Person of Christ] follow Aquinas, as mediated by Cajetan, and the Reformed theologians follow Scotus (the result of Peter Vermigli’s (1499‒1562) importing Scotist Christology into the Reformed tradition).” – Richard Cross, Union & Communion, p. 8
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Quotes
1500’s
Peter Martyr Vermigli
A Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ ed. & trans. John Donnelly in The Peter Martyr Library, vol. 2 Buy (d. 1562; Truman State Univ. Press, 1995; Davenant Institute, 2018), pp. 59-62 See the rest of the quote at ‘Did Christ’s Person Die?’.
“I beg you, tell us whether according to your [Lutheran] ubiquity [of the human nature], if I understand with my mind and not my body and I hunger with my body and not my mind, do I therefore hunger or understand only verbally? Similarly when we say that Christ truly and suffered and died insofar as He was a man, you cannot rightly construe this as if He suffered and died only verbally…
…although I deny that the Word of God really suffered and died, still I do not claim that the passion and death did not involve it at all, for the Word was present at the passion and death, as has been said, because of the hypostatic union, although in a quiescent way. It was not affected by any suffering or by a new quality. Hence it is not empty words that the Son of God suffered and died since that nature and flesh which He made his own and to which He was present by a union of Person, really and truly suffered and died. But I would never say, as you are used to asserting, that the Word [logon] Himself really and truly both suffered and died.”
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On the Ubiquity of God
1600’s
John Owen
Vindiciae Evangelicae; Or the Mystery of the Gospel Vindicated & Socinianism Examined, ch. 2, ‘Of the Nature of God’, p. 93 in Works, vol. 12
“Of the first sort is God’s immensity ; it is an absolute property of his nature and being. For God to be immense, infinite, unbounded, unlimited, is as necessary to him as to be God ; that is, it is of his essential perfection so to be. The ubiquity of God, or his presence to all things and persons, is a relative property of God ; for to say that God is present in and to all things supposes those things to be. Indeed, the ubiquity of God is the habitude of his immensity to the creation. Supposing the creatures, the world that is, God is by reason of his immensity indistant to them all;”
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On the History of Ubiquity
First Time in a Confession
Quote
Bard Thompson, ‘Historical Background of the Catechism’ in Essays on the Heidelberg Catechism (Philadelphia: United Church Press, 1963), p. 20
“The first occured in Wurttemberg where Brenz had been fretful for some time over the ambiguity of Article X in the Variata [Melanchthon’s revision of the Augsburg Confession on the Lord’s Supper so as to be inclusive of the Reformed].
In 1559 that respected theologian–next to Melanchthon in prominence among the Germans–took up Luther’s doctrine of ubiquity, undergirded it with a peculiar Christology, and thereby asserted the real presence of Christ, received by the mouth, even by the unworthy. At the Synod Synod of Stuttgart in December 1559, Wurttemberg subscribed to the entire purport of this teaching, and for the first time the doctrine of ubiquity was written into a Lutheran creed.”
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In the Post-Reformation
Articles
1600’s
Calixt, George – sect. 35-46 in Judgment on Theological Controversies agitated between the Lutherans & Reformed, and on the mutual brotherhood and tolerance of parties because of consensus in the fundamentals tr. by AI by WesternCatholike (1650; Leiden, 1652), pp. 13-17 Latin
Calixt (1586-1656) was a German, Lutheran theologian and professor of theology at Helmstedt.
Calixt, in giving his summary history of this doctrine, appears not to be in favor of it, calling it “the new and inconvenient opinion of ubiquity.”
“The first man who, as far as I know, invented and proposed it [the ubiquity of Christ’s human nature] to the Christian world was Jacobus Faber Stapulensis [d. 1536]…” – p. 14
“Thus today, at least some who are called Lutherans stand against ubiquity; against it is whatever remains of Christians in the whole world, including Easterners, Greeks, pontificians, and Calvinists. It is not without reason that a man of great judgment, M. Anton. de Dominis [d. 1624], wrote in his seventh book, ch. 11, n. 5, ‘The ubiquity of Christ’s body is even more absurd and impossible than transubstantiation; every good theologian will always reject it. To assert it is not the work of a good philosopher or a good theologian.'” – p. 17
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2000’s
Muller, Richard – Dictionary of Latin & Greek Theological Terms: Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology 1st ed. (Baker, 1985)
‘communicatio idiomatum / communicatio proprietatum’
‘idiomata’
‘abstractum’
‘concretum’
‘antepraedicamenta’
‘praedicamenta’
‘praedicatio’
‘praedicationes inusitatae’
‘praedicatio verbalis’
‘propositiones personales’
‘alius / aliud’
‘alloeosis’
‘genus tapeinotikon’
‘ubiquitas’
‘ubivolipraesentia’
‘unio immediata’
‘unio mediata’
‘Logos non extra carnem’
‘praesentia’
‘praesentia extima sive totalis’
‘praesentia illocalis sive definitiva’
‘omnipraesentia generalis’
‘omnipraesentia sive partialis’
‘ktesis’
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Latin Book
1500’s
Hospinian, Rudolph – Part 2 of the Sacramentary History: on the Origin & Progress of the Sacramentary Controversy on the Lord’s Supper between the Lutherans, Ubiquitists & Orthodox (which they call Zwinglians or Calvinists), having arose from 1517 unto its being drawn out to 1602, in which is even it is agitated on the origina and progress of ubiquity and the Book of Concord (Zurich: Wolphius, 1602) 866 pp. no ToC Indices: Subjects, Persons, Fathers, Writings, Synods The first volume was against the Romanist view of the sacraments from pre-Reformation history.
Hospinian (1547-1626) was a Swiss reformed curate, theologian and controversialist. The Lutheran Book of Concord (1577) condemns ‘Calvinists’ by name.
After sections on Luther, the Liturgy of Luther, Zwingli, the Liturgy of Zwingli, the doctrine of Zwingli about the Supper, Hospinian’s work proceeds year by year through the history, starting with 1524. Subheadings on important subjects are interspersed through the annual history, such as, the Larger Lutheran Confession (1528), on the Origin of Ubiquity, the Marburg Colloquy (1529), on the Confession of the Four Imperial Cities (Tigur), the Confession of Zwingli, the Epistle of Bucer to George the Elector, the Acts of Concord between Luther, Upper Germany, & the Swiss Churches (1534), the Acts & Writings following the Wittenburg Concord, Three Epistles of Melanchthon, the Confession of Bucer to Bullinger (1544), on Joachim Westphal, the Acts of the Colloquy of Wormat on the Sacramental Cause (1557), on the Change of Religion in Germany under the Elector Frederick III, the death of Melancthon (1560), Acts & Writings Following the Death of Melanchthon, a Disputation on the Supper at Heidelberg (1560), the Renovation & Progress of the Controversy on Ubiquity a little before the death of Melancthon & After, Books & Writings in & After the Renovation of Ubiquity on the Sacramental Cause, on the Persecution of Albert Hardenberg, due to the Orthodox Opinion on the Lord’s Supper & the Disapproval of Ubiquity, the Colloquy of Poissy in France on Religion, the Decrees of Trent (1562), the Power of the Church around the Dispensation of the Eucharist (Trent), the Disagreement between Marbach & Zanchi, the Colloquy of Mulbrun (1564), the 2nd Helvetic Confession (1566), the Belgic Confession (1566), on the Polish Churches, the Refutation of the Theses of Jacob Schegk, the Confession of Elector Frederick III Illustrated after his Death, the Disputation at Heidelberg after the death of the Elector Ludwig (1584), the Colloquy of Mompelgard (1586), the Contest of the Belgic Ambassadors, & on the Christian Elector of Saxony’s Remarkable Endeavors to Propagate the True Religion (1591).
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Latin Articles
1500’s
Hardenberg, Albert – Two Adversarial Writings on Ubiquity, by Dr. Albert Hardenberg [Reformed] & Elard Segeb [Lutheran], Preachers in Bremen; likewise, a brief and open explication of the controversy on the Eucharist by Albert Hardenberg (Myloeci: Peter Fabricius, 1564) 40 pp. no ToC
Hardenberg (c. 1510–1574). See ‘On the Persecution of Albert Hardenberg, due to the Orthodox Opinion on the Lord’s Supper & the Disapproval of Ubiquity’ in Rudolph Hospinian, Part 2 of the Sacramentary History: on the Origin & Progress of the Sacramentary Controversy on the Lord’s Supper between the Lutherans, Ubiquitists & Orthodox… (1602).
Beza, Theodore – Theological Tracts… (Geneva, 1570)
vol. 2
8. A Brief & Necessary Response to the Calumnies of Dr. Nikolaus Selnecker [a Lutheran] & the Theologians of Jena [Germany] 407 [No subdivisions]
9. A Modest & Christian Defense to the Abusive & Virulent Response of Dr. Nikolaus Selnecker 423
Dedication 423
The Defense 428
On the First Head of the Cause, that is, on the Place of Peter, that one ought to Lay Hold of Christ in Heaven 431
To the 2nd & 3rd Part of the Response of Selnecker, of which one is on the Ascension of Christ, the other on the Ubiquity of the Same 437
To that which is Called the Defense of Selnecker 449
10. The Third Defense to the Crying of Nikolaus Selnecker 453
Of the Person of Christ 455-80
vol. 3, 4. ‘A Response for the Truth for the Body of Christ Against the Fiction of Ubiquity & the Clamor of William Holder’ 101-22
Pseudo-Truths 110
Of Falsehoods 118
Of Calumnies 121-22
Aretius, Benedict – Examination of Theology: A Brief & Clear, Written Out Method (Morgiis, 1584), Out of the Third Class of Places are Some Places of Other Sects of Our Time
1st Place, ‘Of Ubiquity’ 128-33
Ursinus, Zacharias – Theological Theses on the Sacraments to be the Proposed Disputation, 1581, in the Academy of Rostoch by Lucas Bachmeistero, Doctor and Professor of Theology, with Annotations by Zachary Ursinus… to which is subjoined a response of the same Ursinus to some sophisms on the ubiquity of the body of Christ… (Neustadt: Harnisch, 1584) 102 pp. ToC See especially pp. 51-84.
Tossanus, Sr., Daniel
Theological Aphorisms Contra Some Heresies, Taken out of the Espitle of Paul to the Philippians (Heidelberg, 1590) no page numbers
Contra Ubiquitarians
. The Exceptions of Ubiquitarians
Brief Theses & Antitheses on these Four Heads: the Lord’s Supper, the Person of Christ, Baptism, Predestination… (Heidelberg, 1594), On the Person of Christ no page numbers
Affirmative Theses of the Ubiquitarians on the Person of Christ [4 Theses]
Affirmative Theses of the Orthodox on the Person of Christ [5 Theses]
Negative Theses of the Orthodox on the Person of Christ [15 Theses]
. Cyril to Theodosius on the Right Faith
A Locus on the Session of Christ at the Right Hand of the Father in the Highest & the Dominion in All Creatures, Explained by some [44] perspicuous theses and vindicated from the corruptions of Ubiquitists… in a Public Disputation… (Heidelberg: Smesmann, 1591) no page numbers
Zanchi, Jerome – On the Incarnation of the Son of God… (Heidelberg: Harnisch, 1593)
bk. 1
ch. 2… Of verse 7 [Phil. 2], or on the Emptying [exinanitione] 30-35
The term ’emptying’ [evacuandi] refells the Ubiquitarians 38
In what way He was made a servant 39…
bk. 2
ch. 1… Recounts Heresies on the Incarnation, especially those of… Melchior Hoffman the Anabaptist and the Ubiquitarians 71 the cause of these errors: a quasi-nature of whatever has a proper subsistence 71
…
Ubiquitarians badly conclude the human nature to be everywhere because in it subsists the Person of the Word 148
The humanity is not in the Word as an accident 153…
ch. 9, Of the mode of union 194…
The cause of the errors of Nestorius, Eutyches and the Ubiquitarians, that He is a quasi-person with the same natures 215
The whole Christ and the whole of Christ are distinguished by the Fathers 216,223
…
Of the double will and double operating faculty of Christ contra Macarius and the Monothelites 232
The Ubiquitists are Monothelites 233
The arguments of John of Damascus against the Monothelites 234,247
…
The union was made atreptos (unchangeably), adiairetos (indivisibly), asugkutos, ousiodos 277-78 this is proved out of Phil. 2 280 and other places of Scripture on the Incarnation, as John 1, Heb. 2 & Col. 2 286 in what way the whole fulness of Deity is in Christ bodily 293 Col. 2 is explicated out of the Greek scholastics 295 the saying of Ecumenius that He fills all with the flesh is in no way for the Ubiquitarians 296 the creed of Chalcedon proves this mode of union and refutes the Ubiquitarians 297 the testimony of John of Damascus 300 Adiastatos [without division] what it means, contra Chemnitz 302 the testimony of Justin 303 the simile of the union of the soul with the body explained and accommodated 305 how insofar it is dissimilar 307 the impudence of the Ubiquitarians 308 the simile of Justin and others of primal light, the same of Emperor Justinian, Boethius, Cassian, Gelasius, [Pope] Vigilius, Fulgentius, Rusticus, Maxentius, of the Roman Church, of Lombard and the testimony of the scholastics 310 of Thomas Aquinas 315
…
Whether the soul of Christ maintained equality with the wisdom of the Logos, reasons for the negative 371
It is not properly omniscient 372
The objection of the Ubiquitarians 373
Whether through infused knowledge He knew all things 373
…
Exception two of the Monophysites 425
The plurality of actions does not infer plural persons 426
The simile of an ignited sword works against the Ubiquitarians 429
…
What theandric actions are and why they are so-called 444
How the actions of one nature are common to the other nature 448,455
The words of Leo, ‘Each nature works with the other in common,’ this is rightly explained contra the Ubiquitarians 457…
ch. 12, Of what they [Ubiquitarians] call ‘real communication’ 466 what communication is and in what ways it occurs 467 properties, essentials, naturals or personals 472, which properties may be communicated: not personal but natural ones 472 the true state of the controversy 475 Ubiquitarians concede things out of which they are convicted 477 they are Monothelites 480 they contradict themselves grossly 480 a real communication is everted, the first argument: because it is not given in Scripture 483 by what sort of sayings they seek to confirm Ubiquity 484, they are examined, so Jn. 1, ‘the Word was made flesh’ 485 the hypostatic union does not infer such a communion 488 Jn. 17, ‘Glorify Me with that glory…’ 490 the interpretation of Augustine 492 of Cyril, to glorify through the glory to be revealed 495 a twofold glorification of Christ 495 Col. 2, ‘In whom dwells all the fulness of the Deity bodily’ 497 the simile of a glowing iron 500 ‘In whom are all the treasures of wisdom…’ 502 Mt. 28, ‘All power is given unto Me’ 506
…
Places on the exaltation of Christ, so sitting at the right hand 546 the judgment of Chemnitz 546 that sitting is unto nothing according to the Ubiquitarians 549 what sitting (the session) is, is explained out of Heb. 1 and other places 553 the judgment of John of Damascus on the sitting (session) 558 the false consequences of the Ubiquitarians shown forth 560 the inconstancy of Chemnitz & others 563 of what sort the glory of Christ was in Mt. Tabor [the mount of Transfiguration] 567 places on the vision of God and Christ, so Jn. 14, ‘Who sees me sees the Father’ 568 of the worship of the man-Christ 571 the second argument against the Ubiquitarians from the testimonies of the Fathers 576 Chemnitz alleges Fathers for himself, but perversely 578 his scope, defects and frauds 582-87 predications of Christ proper or improper 589 communion is a unity, not a real communication 592 the testimony of Leo evidenced 594 whether all given to Christ in time are given to the humanity 597 the 6th [Ecumenical] Synod and the sayings of Justin, Cyril, Athanasius, Sophronius against the Ubiquitarians 606 the Ubiquitarians badly cite the 6th Synod and its fathers, Athanasius, Euphem., Sophronius 609 the 7th Synod 612 Justin 613 of the coming in of Christ with the closed doors 618,671,716,724,729,743 Tertullian 620 Origen 621 of the simile of the glowing iron 624 the judgment of Basil on it, and why it was used by him [pp. 626-39 are repeated after p. 629] 630 the judgment of John of Damascus on this simile 638 the judgments of Athanasius and Cyril on the same 640 the saying of Esuebius of Caesarea 647 a man so is said to have been deified 652,694 Athanasius to Arius (and in another place he condemns the Ubiquitarians) does not support 656, 663 Eustath. 668 Hippolytus 669 Amphiloch. 670 Cyprian 671 Hilary on the glory of Christ, Jn. 17; 674 Emisen., Didymus, Gregroy of Nyssa 689 Basil 691 Gregory of Nazianzen 693 Epiphanius 698 is opposed to the Ubiquitarians [after p. 707, pp. 704-07 are repeated] 709 the heresies of the Dimaeritites on ubiquity 710 Ambrose is the enemy of ubiquity 710 Jerome 716 Augustine 719 Chrysostom and Theophylact 725,729 Ecumenius and Aretius 727 Cyril opposes the ubiquitarians and is explained [after p. 729, pp. 716-29 repeats] 730 Paul Emisen 766 Theodoret 768 Primas. 776 Leo the Great 778 Vigilius 786 Cassiodorus 787 Sedulius, Nicephorus 788 the Golden Chain 788 Severian. 788 the Agnoets which were 789 Gregory the Great 789 Bernard 790 John of Damascus is examined 791 the third argument: a real communication fights with the Scriptures, it is proved by multiple testimonies, so on the union 811 of the properties of the natures, of actions 819 of the passion 822 the fourth argument is from the consensus of the Fathers against a real communication 828 proofs out of the 6th Synod 828 by Justin, Tertullian, Origen, Basil, Cyril 829 Eusebius, Athanasius 830 Ambrose 834 Cyril 834 Theodoret 837 Leo 838 Vigil 842 John Damascus 844 Fulgentio 855 Ignatius 862 Irenaeus 863 Clement of Alexandria, Severian, Eustathio 864 Epiphanius 865-75 Gregory Nazianzen, Gregory Nyssa, Didymus of Alexandria, Jerome, Cassiodorus, Gregory, Niceta, Bede, Gelasius, Justin, Lombard, Thomas, Bonaventura
Tossanus, Daniel – ‘On the Person of Christ: on Ubiquity’ in Most Brief Theses & Antitheses on these Four Heads: on the Lord’s Supper, on the Person of Christ, on Baptism & on Predestination, being Opposite to Theses & Antitheses, partly false and partly captious, which some recent Ubiquitarians, Dominators of an Alien Faith, have undertaken to pour out to deform the doctrine of the Orthodox Churches… (Heidelberg, 1594), pp. 15-22
Zepperus, Wilhelm – Article 1, ‘On the Person of Christ’ in Instruction on Those Three Chief Heads of Religion, which are Now Especially Called into Controversy Between the Evangelical Churches, & their Doctors, which made Secession from the Papacy, namely, 1. On the Person of Christ, 2. On the Sacred Supper of the Lord, 3. On the Eternal Predestination of God (Hanau, 1596), pp. 27-69
This article deals with 1. Ubiquity, and 2. invoking (worshipping) the human nature of Christ (p. 61).
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1600’s
Bachoff, Reinhard – Catechism of the Christian Religion, which is Taught in the Churches & Schools of the Palitinate (Hanau, 1603)
Q. 47 & 48. Two Natures in Christ, contra the Eutychians & Ubiquitarians 206-16
Bachoff (1544-1614)
Piscator, Johannes – 6. ‘Whether the Human Nature of Christ is Everywhere?’ [We deny] in Theological Theses, vol. 2 (Herborn, 1606-1607), Another 9 Questions Illustrated, pp. 379-80
Revius, Jacobus – 331 Disputations of Compendious Theology, vol. 2 (Leiden, 1649)
202. ‘Ubiquity of the Body of Christ’, pt. 1 736-44
203. ‘Ubiquity of the Body of Christ’, pt. 2 744-51
Revius (1586-1658)
Wendelin, Marcus Friedrich – Vindicatory Theological Exercises for Christian Theology… Opposite the Anti-Wendeliana Collection by Johann Gerhard & Other Festering Writings of Recent Lutherans Against the Orthodox, by which All and Each Theological Controversy between the Orthodox & the Lutherans is so far Plainly Treated, & Solidly & Logically Broken Down by the Truth of Orthodox Doctrine… (1652), vol. 1
5. The orthodox doctrine on the mercy of God, having been covered over, is repaired, conserved and set forth; the opinion about the ubiquity of the human nature, as to the essence, is explicated; the animadversion being taught in Graverus is vindicated, that three divine persons are the essence itself of God, absolutely considered. 51-57
Maresius, Samuel
A New Synopsis of Elenctic Theology, or an Index of the Controversies of Faith out of the Sacred Scriptures (1646-1647), vol. 1, ch. 4, ‘On Christ’
8. Whether through the hypostatic union the divine properties are communicated subjectively to the human nature so that it is omnipotent, omnipresent, etc.? It is denied, contra the Ubiquitarians; where it is disputed at length against Meisner and others. 108-15
A Syllabus of Further Select Disputations (Groningen, 1660/1663), vol. 1
Of the Omnipresence or Ubiquity of the Body of Christ they want, from those things devised by which that oral chewing, even from indignities in the Holy Supper… are examined 501-19
Hoornbeek, Johannes
ch. 9. ‘Of Christ’ in Theological Institutes, Harmonized from the Best Authors (Leiden, 1658), pp. 270-339
5. Christ is also true man: Junius & Trelcatius 287-88
…
8. Each nature abides in Christ with its distinct properties, nor is omniscience, omnipotence, ubiquity or adorability gathered to the human nature: Piscator, Walaeus & Polanus 291-300
bk. 9, ‘Of Lutherans’ in A Sum of Controversies in Religion with Infidels, Heretics & Schismatics (Utrecht, 1653; 1676), pp. 608-738
The Summary outline at the beginning of the book:
“Of the Lutheran schism, its origin: where is of Luther, Karlstadt, Zwingli and of their respective writings. Of the Augsburg Confession, the ubiquity controversy, the Book of Concord, of syncretism, the Colloquy of Marburg, the Concord of Wittenburg, the Consensus of Sandomiraz. Judgment of union with them, or syncretism. [10] Controversies remaining besides the article of the sacred Supper [pp. 736-37]. A Disputation.”
.
1700’s
Strimesius, Samuel – Annotation 2, ‘On the Ubiquity of the Flesh of Christ’ in A Hexad of Annotations, Comprehending Controversies between Protestants on the Person of Christ, Theanthropos, on Baptism & on Some Rites [such as Images in Churches, Baptismal Exorcism & the Breaking of Bread in the Supper] Not Wholly Adiaphora (Frankfurt, 1706), pp. 63-66 This is the same as ch. 20 in A Candid Examination into the Controversies of Evangelicals… (1708)
Strimesius (1648-1730) was a reformed professor of philosophy, physics and theology at Frankfurt, Germany.
Vitringa, Campegius – The Doctrine of the Christian Religion, Summarily Described through Aphorisms (d. 1722), vol. 5, ‘Of the Person of the Messiah & his Twofold Nature’
Lutherans & Communication of Properties 268
Definition, History 269
Beginning of the Doctrine 270
History, Melanchthon 271
Lutheran Definition 272
Lutheran Statements of 273
Perichoresis of Natures 274
Ubiquity 275
Communication of Properties Distinguished 276
Communication of Subsistence, Supper 277
Lutheran Statements 278
Sohn (Reformed) 281
Smalcald Articles 282
Lutheran & Reformed Writings 283
Philipists 286
Crypto-Calvinists 287
Writings Defending Formula of Concord 288
Reformed Against Formula of Concord 289
Hutter on Person of Christ 290
Gerhard on Person of Christ 293
Hutter & Franz on Person of Christ 294
Kromayer, Jaeger & Buddeus on Com. of Properties 295
Baumgarten & Moshem on same 296
Lutheran writings 297
Reformed writers, Lutheran Distinctions 298
Intra-Lutheran debates 300
Lutherans on Abstract & Concrete 303
Intra-Lutheran Debates 304
Calov & Pfaffius contra Reformed 306
Fabricius 307
Reformed writings 309
Bellarmine contra Lutherans 310
Papists & Remonstrants conta Lutherans 311
Selnecker & Eckhard: God really suffers 312
Communion of Effects: Buddeus 312
Synopsis & Chemnitz 313
Gerhard, Hutter, Eckhard, Quenstedt, Fabricius 314
.
.
Latin Books
1500’s
Bullinger, Henry – A Tract on the Words of the Lord, ‘In the home of my Father are many mansions…’ Jn. 14, in which is demonstrated that the saving hope of the faithful and Heaven is most certain, where Christ ascended and where all the elect are received, the place being fixed in the highest, where is discussed the right hand of God and the ubiquity of the body of Christ (Zurich: Froschoverus, 1561) 87 pp. no ToC
Beza, Theodore
11. ‘A Response to the Arguments of Johannes Brent & the Theses of Jacob Andreae [Lutherans] which seek to Confirm the Omnipresence of the Body of Christ, that is, [a Response] against the Renewed Errors of Nestorius & Eutyches’ in Theological Tracts… (Geneva, 1570), vol. 1, pp. 507-624
Nestorius (386-450) held, to simplify, that Christ was two persons. Eutyches (c. 380-c. 456) held that Christ had one mixed nature.
On the Omnipresence or Ubiquity of the Body of Christ, comprehending the judgment of some German theologians in their new body of Christian doctrine, with a modest and Christian refutation of the same (1578) 212 pp. ToC
Herdesianus, Christoph (Ambrosius Wolf) – The Fundamentals of Lutheran Doctrine on Ubiquity, and further, on the Coporal Presence of the Body of Christ in the Eucharist weighed against the norm of the Orthodox Faith and revoked under the censure of the truth from the orthodox consensus, contra the Bergenses Fathers, vol. 1, 2 (On the Augsburg Confession & the Concord between Luther, Bucer & the Swiss Churches) (Geneva, 1579) no ToC
Herdesianus (1523-1585) was a German lawyer and Protestant theologian. He was born in Wittenberg and studied at the university in 1540. Here he attended lectures by Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon and joined the Protestant faith. He then traveled to Italy and France and settled as a lawyer in Nuremberg, where he died.
He took part in the dogmatic questions of his time, especially on the subject of the Lord’s Supper. He tended to compromise with the Reformed doctrine and sought to achieve reconciliation with the Gnesio-Lutherans (Genuine-Lutherans). For this purpose he wrote theological works that appeared anonymously and under various pseudonyms.
Beumler, Marcus
A Falcon from Marc Beumler of Zurich emitted, to capture, pluck and tear apart that audacious Ubiquitarian cuckoo, which newly out of Jacob Andreae… (Neustadt, Germany: Harnisch, 1585) 92 pp. no ToC
A Threefold Writing of Marc Beumler of Zurich to Jacob Andreae: 1. A Complement to the Falcon, in which the sacramental metonymy of the perception of the thing signified, of the chewing of unbelievers, is disputed; 2. A Modest Confutation of the Ubiquitarian North-Winds [Prodromi]; 3. An Index of some certain grave errors of Jacob Andreae from his last patchworks of gleanings (Neustadt, Germany: Harnisch, 1586) 24 pp. no ToC The Index does not appear to be included in the scan.
Pareus, David – A Brief & Perspicuous Method of the Whole Ubiquitary Controversy… (Neustadt, Germany: Harnisch, 1586) 55 pp. no ToC
Thalmann, Benedict – An Assertion of the True & Orthodox Doctrine of the Unity of the Person and the Distinction of the Two Natures in Christ and a Refutation of the Dogma of Ubiquity, or the Omnipresence of the flesh of Christ and the real or physical communication of properties, collected out of the Word of God and the writings of the holy fathers ed. Christophor Pezel (Heidelberg: Harnisch, 1589) 412 pp. ToC
Thalmann (fl.1565-1589)
Pezel, Christoph – A Demonstration of Impostors & Frauds, in which Dr. Aegidius Hunnius, in a book, recently published by himself, on the Sacraments of the Old & New Testament fights for the Defense of the Ubiquitary Dogma contra the Orthodox Truth… (Bernhard Peter, 1591) 175 pp. ToC Index
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1600’s
Martinius, Matthew
Dedicatory Epistle 3
A Sum of Sound Doctrine on the Person of Christ 8
The Doctrine of the Adversaries, which they defend, of the
. Omnipresence of the Flesh of Christ, is this… 12
The Principle Testimonies of Scripture Against the Omnipresence of
. the Flesh of Christ & All Each of those Three Modes of the
. Communication of Properties 14
The Testimonies Respecting the State of Exaltation 18
Of the Predictions of Leaving out of this World, they say these
. sayings 22
Of his Leaving for Heaven, of the Mansion in Heaven and returning
. from there, the testimonies are these 24-63.
A Theology on the Singular Person of our Lord Jesus Christ in Two Natures… (Bremen, 1614), bk. 2, Of his true, & Homoousias [Same-Substance] with Us, Humanity, for the Orthodox Doctrine, contra the Ubiquitarians…,
Preface 521
1. The necessity of this doctrine, that Christ is a man 526
2. That Jesus Christ is a true & perfect man 527
3. A forewarning of the flights of them to these arguments that have been asserted 527
4. 1st Proof: out of that, that He is openly called a man 530
5. 2nd Proof: out of Reasons 532
6. 3rd Confirmation: out of the Authority of the Ecumenical Councils & the Athanasian Creed 537
7. That Christ was a Holy Man 539
8. In what way Christ was Made Man 541
9. Wherefore was Christ made Man 545
10. That although two natures are in Christ, He Himself is yet only one Person 547
11. The doctrine of the personal union of the two natures in Christ, collectioned in 20 theses, is explicated 548
12. What is similar & different between the human nature of Christ & ourselves 619
13. The controversy is that will be drawn on with the Ubiquitarians is picked 625
14. Of the State of the controversy between us & the Ubiquitarians 627
15. The division of the arguments contra ubiquity 629
16. 1st Argument for the true, and therefore finite, flesh of Christ, contra its presence in all places 630
17. A Siezing Beforehand of their Flights by which the Ubiquitarians seek to enervate the sayings of the sacred letters which are adduced against themselves 631
Distinction 1: Per Se vs. Following Another 632
Distinction 2: To Exist vs. To Maintain 637
Distinction 3: Natural vs. Supernatural 643
Distinction 4: Possession vs. Use 697
Distinction 5: Through an Apparition vs. a Disparity 704
Distinction 6: Through Abdication 713
Of the Emptying Out 718
Of Exaltation 733
Distinction 7: Naturally vs. Personally 760
Distinction 8: Of Majesty 824
18. The Disputation is Concluded on 8 Distinctions of the Ubiquitarians 897
The 8 Distinctions 899-900
19. The omnipresence of Christ will be refuted out of the profession proceeding, & indeed that which first disproves it is out of the circumstances of the conception & nativity 902
20. Ubiquity is refelled out of the sayings of the whole life of Christ in the state of emptyness 908
21. Ubiquity is confuted out of the predicted leaving of the Lord from this world 975
What then is the genus of Heaven? 1,032
Of the Time Heaven was Founded 1,038
Where the Heaven of the Blessed is? 1,040
The Third Heaven is the Place of Whom? 1,041
Whether the Supreme Heaven, or of the Blessed, will perish or be burned? 1,045
In what way the world will perish? 1,070
What may the character of the future state of the world be after the Last Judgment? 1,078
Whether in Heaven life is temporally successive? 1,090
22. Ubiquity is everted out of the State of Exaltation 1,111
23. Conclusion of the Tract, of the True Humanity of Christ, where is a Demonstration out of the Propositions & a Vindicating of the Collected Sayings 1,430-72
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Against the Multi-Presence of Christ’s Human Nature
This has been the typical Romanist doctrine.
.
Articles
1500’s
de Brès, Guy – ‘How our Lord Jesus Christ according to his Humanity, cannot be but in One Place’ in The Staff of Christian Faith… for to Know the Antiquity of our Holy Faith… gathered out of the Works of the Ancient Doctors of the Church… (London, 1577), pp. 25-28
de Bres (1522-1567) was a Walloon pastor, Protestant reformer and theologian, a student of Calvin and Beza in Geneva.
.
1600’s
Willet, Andrew – 1st Question, ‘Of the Ubiquity of the Body of Christ, whether his Humanity be Everywhere?’ in 18th Controversy, on Human Nature of Christ; Controversies about the Natures of Christ in Controversies on the 5 Popish Sacraments in Synopsis Papismi… (London, 1592), pp. 596-99
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Latin Articles
1600’s
Festus, Hommius – sections 1-3 of Disputation 8, ‘Of the Human Nature of Christ: or of the Body & Soul of Christ’ in 70 Theological Disputations Against the Papists… (Leiden, 1614), pp. 29-31
Pareus, David – sections 1-3 in Disputation 6, ‘On the Incarnation of the Son of God: out of Bellarmine, bks. 3-5, on Christ’ in Collection 9, 40 Disputations on the Controversies of… Bellarmine in Theological Collections of Universal Orthodox Theology…, vol. 2 (Heidelberg, 1620)
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Related Pages
On the Mass & Transubstantiation
On the Communion of the Two Natures of Christ & the Extra Calvinisticum
Person & Human & Divine Natures of Christ
Offices of Christ: Prophet, Priest & King
Union with Christ & the Fruits of the Fellowship Ensuing Therefrom
On the Grace of Union, the Logos Assuming an Impersonal Human Nature, its
Manner of Subsisting, Communication & Existence, & of the Personal Sustentation
On the Doctrine of Appropriations
On the Communication of the Properties of Christ’s Natures
Communion of the Two Natures of Christ & the Extra Calvinisticum
Christ has Two Harmonious Wills, Divine & Human
Two Operations (Energies) of the Mediator, Divine & Human, unto the Same Effect (Apotelesma)