On Scripture

“Thy Word is truth.”

Jn. 17:17

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Order of Contents

Articles  18+
Books  2
Letter vs. Spirit  1
Ecclesiastical Writings  1
Latin  6+


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Articles

Anthology of the Post-Reformation

Heppe, Heinrich – Reformed Dogmatics  ed. Ernst Bizer, tr. G.T. Thomson  (1861; Wipf & Stock, 2007)

ch. 2, ‘Holy Scripture’, pp. 12-42

Heppe (1820–1879) was a German reformed theologian.

ch. 3, ‘Foundation of the Doctrine of Holy Scripture’, pp. 42-47

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1500’s

Bullinger, Henry – The Decades  ed. Thomas Harding  (1549; Cambridge: Parker Society, 1849), vol. 1, 1st Decade

1st Sermon, ‘Of the Word of God; the Cause of it; and How & by whom it was Revealed to the World’  36-57

2nd Sermon, ‘Of the Word of God; to whom & to what End it was Revealed; also in what Manner it is to be Heard; and that it does fully teach the whole doctrine of godliness’  57-70

Vermigli, Peter Martyr – The Common Places…  (d. 1562; London: Henrie Denham et al., 1583)

pt. 1, ch. 6. ‘Of the Holy Scriptures, and of the dignity and profit of them, and of the means how to understand them’  39-52

Orations, ’A praise of the Word of God taught in the Scriptures, and an Exhortation to the study of them’  36-43

Musculus, Wolfgang – Common Places of the Christian Religion  (1560; London, 1563)

‘Holy Scriptures’  147.b

Of the division of holy Scriptures  148.b
What difference is between the holy Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers, bishops and councils  151.a
Of the Languages of Holy Scriptures  155.a
Of the Reading of holy Scriptures  156.a
Of the profit of holy Scripture  159.b
Of the truth and the accomplishment of the holy Scriptures  163.a

Becon, Thomas – 4. ‘Of the Holy Scripture’  in Prayers & Other Pieces by Thomas Becon  (d. 1567; Cambridge: Parker Society, 1844), The Common Places of Holy Scripture, pp. 319-21

Becon (c. 1511-1567) was an Anglican reformer, clergyman and a chaplain to Thomas Cranmer.  He was initially significantly influenced by Luther, and then Zwingli.

de Brès, Guy – ‘Of the Holy Scripture, and how it is Lawful for All Men to Read it’  in The Staff of Christian Faith…  for to Know the Antiquity of our Holy Faith…  gathered out of the Works of the Ancient Doctors of the Church…  (d. 1567; London, 1577), pp. 293-340

de Bres (1522-1567) was a Walloon pastor, Protestant reformer and theologian, a student of Calvin and Beza in Geneva.

Beza, Theodore – pp. 1-2  in A Book of Christian Questions & Answers…  (London, 1574)

Zanchi, Girolamo – Confession of the Christian Religion…  (1586; Cambridge, 1599), pp. 1-10 & 275-76

Ch.1, ’Of the Holy Scriptures, the Foundation of All Christian Religion’
On Aphorism 4

Ursinus, Zachary

The Sum of Christian Religion: Delivered…  in his Lectures upon the Catechism…  tr. Henrie Parrie  (Oxford, 1587)

Of the Holy Scripture

1. What the holy Scripture teaches: or, how Christian doctrine is divided
2. What Religion, delivered in the Scriptures, differs from other religions: or how we ought to discern the true Church, and to dissever her from other sects

The difference of this true doctrine from others
The difference of this true Doctrine from Philosophy
Certain notes or marks by which the Church is distinguished from other sects

3. From whence it appears this Religion alone to be true and divine: and all others to be forged
4. For what cause no doctrine besides the holy Scripture is to be received into the Church

2. Of Holy Scripture in Rules & Axions of Certain Chief Points of Christianity  in A Collection of Certain Learned Discourses…  (Oxford, 1600)

Beza, Theodore, Anthony Faius & Students – 52. ‘Of the Word of God’  in Propositions & Principles of Divinity Propounded & Disputed in the University of Geneva by Certain Students of Divinity there, under Mr. Theodore Beza & Mr. Anthony Faius…  (Edinburgh: Waldegrave, 1591), pp. 147-51

Gerlach, Stephan – Theses on Sacred Scripture against Robert Bellarmine  tr. by AI by Onku  (Tubingen, 1597)  11 pp.  Latin

Gerlach (1546-1612) was a Lutheran professor of theology at Tubingen.

Rollock, Robert – A Treatise of Effectual Calling  (1603)  in Select Works of Robert Rollock…  (d. 1599; Edinburgh, 1849), vol. 1

9. ‘1stCharacteristic of the Scripture—its Antiquity’  75-78
10. ‘2ndCharacteristic—Its Perspicuity’  78-82
11. ‘3rdCharacteristic—Its Simplicity’  82-85
12. ‘4thCharacteristic—Its Ever-Living Efficacy’  85-88
13. ‘5thCharacteristic—Its Indispensability’  88-92
14. ‘6thCharacteristic—Its Perfection’  92-94
15. ‘7thCharacteristic—Its Authority as a Judge of Controversies’  94-97
16. ‘8thCharacteristic—Its Authority as a Ground of Faith’  97-99

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1600’s

Perkins, William – Ch. 3, Whether the Scriptures be the true Word of God?  in The Whole Treatise of the Cases of Conscience…  (d. 1602; Cambridge: Legat, 1606), bk. 2

Bucanus, William – 4. ‘Of the Scriptures’  in Institutions of Christian Religion...  (London: Snowdon, 1606), pp. 37-48

What is the holy Scripture called?
Who is the author of it?
How manifold is it?
Which books be called canonical?
How many books are there of the Old Testament?
How do they divide those 24 books?
Which is the second rank?
Which is the third?
Which is the fourth?
Are there added to these canonical books any other books?
Have the books called apocrypha equal authority with those called canonical?
Into how many parts is the New Testament divided?
How do the writings of the prophets differ from the apostles?
After that the New Testament was added to the Old, was the Word of God made more perfect?
How may it appear that the writings of the Prophets and the Apostles were indited of God?
What reasons have you to prove that the Scripture came from God?
What is the true infallible note whereby all men of sound judgment do acknowledge that doctrine to be the doctrine of the true God?
But how shall we answer them who ask how we know that Moses, the prophets and the apostles were the authors of those writings which are published under their names and whether there was ever any such Moses or no?
Seeing that before Moses’s time we read not that there was any Word of God written, how did God all that time reveal his will unto men?
But wherefore was the Word of God committed to writing?
In what tongue was either of the Testaments written?
Ought the Scripture to be propounded to all Christians in their own native tongues?
Is the Scripture manifest, or is it obscure?
What is the Interpretation of holy Scripture?
Whence must we fetch the interpretation of Scriptures?
What must be the rule of interpreting?
What is the use of holy Scripture?
What shall we answer to that saying of Augustine: ‘I would not believe the Gospel, unless the authority of the Church moved me’?
What things are contrary to the Scripture?

Alsted, Johann H. – 1. ‘Sacred Scripture’  in Polemical Theology, exhibiting the Principal Eternal Things of Religion in Navigating Controversies, pt. 2, 4-6 (Partial)  tr. by AI by Onku  (Hanau, 1620; 1627), pt. 2, 2. A Major catholic Symphony: Theological Common Places, pp. 12-15  Latin

Ames, William – ch. 34, ‘Holy Scripture’  in The Marrow of Theology  tr. John D. Eusden  (1623; Baker, 1997), bk. 1, pp. 185-90

Ames (1576-1633) was an English, puritan, congregationalist, minister, philosopher and controversialist.  He spent much time in the Netherlands, and is noted for his involvement in the controversy between the reformed and the Arminians.  Voet highly commended Ames’s Marrow for learning theology.

Synopsis of a Purer Theology: Latin Text & English Translation  Buy  (1625; Brill, 2016), vol. 1

2. ‘On the Necessity & Authority of Scripture’, pp. 48-74
3. ‘Concerning the Canonical & Apocryphal Books’, pp. 74-106
4. ‘On the Perfection of Scripture & the Futility of Adding Unwritten Traditions to it’, pp. 106-128
5. ‘About the Perspicuity & the Interpretation of Holy Scripture’, pp. 128-50

Gerhard, Johann – The First Decade of Theological Disputations, in which Bellarmine is brought forward as a witness of Orthodoxy, that is, the catholic and Evangelical Truth is asserted in certain principal articles controversial with the Roman Catholic Church from Bellarmine himself  tr. by AI by Onku  (Jena, 1630)  65 pp.

Dedicatory Epistle  1
1. On the Word of God, pt. 1  4
2. On the Word of God, pt. 2  26
3. On the Word of God, pt. 3  43-56

Rutherford, Samuel – ch. 1, ‘On the Holy Scriptures’  in Examination of Arminianism  tr. by AI by Monergism  (1639-1642; Monergism, 2024), pp. 42-155

1. Whether Scripture is the judge of controversies?  We affirm.  Or, whether God in his Word has not left us any conscience-binding rule, but only one that guidingly judges?  We deny against the Arminians, or Remonstrants.

2. Whether those fundamental articles which are deduced by consequence from the most common principles are believed by true faith?  Explained and distinguished.

3. What sort of consequence is entailed by evidence so that it is an article of faith?  Explained.

4. Whether the number of fundamental doctrines can be determined by us?  We deny.

5.  For which of the fundamentals is understanding and faith required?  Explained.

6.  What is overcomeable versus absolute ignorance of the fundamentals?  Explained.

7.  In what way is understanding of the fundamentals necessary for salvation?  Explained.

8.  Why everything contained in the Word of God ought to be believed, on pain of damnation, while nevertheless only the fundamentals are  necessary to be believed as a necessary means? Explained.

9. How far are they may be tolerated who err in the fundamentals?  Explained.

10. How far is it necessary for us to separate from a church erring in fundamentals?  Explained.

11. Whether the Roman church is a true church? We answer with a distinction.

12. Whether the light of the Holy Spirit is required for the Scriptures to be savingly understood?  We affirm against the Arminians.

13. Whether it follows from this necessity that the Scriptures are obscure in themselves, as the Papists assert?  We deny against the same.

14. Whether solid faith in the Scriptures can consist with the Arminian freedom of preaching?  We deny against the Arminians.

15. Whether anyone in any religion can be saved?  We deny against the Remonstrants.

16. Whether the Arminian freedom of preaching is Libertinism?  We affirm against the same.

17. Whether, not only all the traditions of the Papists, but even new offices, such as the domineering bishop, etc, human ceremonies, and whatsoever is of positive observance in divine worship contrived by the Antichrist or the bishops and prelates, conflicts with the completeness and perfection of the Scriptures?  We affirm against the Arminians.

18. Whether the word of God obliges to the assent of its true sense, or whether so greatly and in truth the conscience obliges to the sense which it judges true?  We affirm the former; we deny the latter against the Remonstrants.

Maccovius, John

ch. 1, ‘On Holy Scripture’  in Scholastic Discourse: Johannes Maccovius (1588-1644) on Theological & Philosophical Distinctions & Rules  (1644; Apeldoorn: Instituut voor Reformatieonderzoek, 2009), pp. 57-85

Maccovius (1588–1644) was a reformed, supralapsarian Polish theologian.

ch. 1, ‘On Scripture’  in Prefatory Material & chs. 1-2  of Johannes Maccovius Revived, or his Manuscripts printed, containing Polemic Theology  tr. by AI by Onku  (Hague, 1645)

q. 1, Whence is it certain that Scripture is the Word of
God  4
q. 2, Is Scripture necessary for salvation  4
q. 3, In what language is Scripture authentic  5
q. 4, Ought Scripture to be translated into other
languages  6
q. 5, Is Scripture perspicuous, by whom and how can it
be perceived salvifically  7
q. 6, Who is the judge of controversies  7
q. 7, Is Scripture perfect  8
q. 8, Are some things necessary to be known for
salvation deduced and able to be deduced by good
consequence  9

Leigh, Edward – ch. 8. Of the Properties of the Scripture  in A System or Body of Divinity…  (London, A.M., 1654), bk. 1, pp. 81-105

Heidegger, Johann H. – ‘Historical Disputations on the Origin of Papal Errors about Holy Scripture’ (1654)  in Various Disputations  tr. by AI by Onku  (d. 1698), pp. 104-20  Latin

Ussher, James – 2. ‘On the Perspicuity of the Scriptures’  tr. by AI by The Other Paul  in Tract on Papal Controversies  in Whole Works  ed. Elrington  (d. 1656; Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co., 1864; 2024), vol. 14, pp. 7-14

Le Blanc de Beaulieu, LouisTheological Theses Published at Various Times in the Academy  of Sedan  3rd ed.  tr. by AI by Colloquia Scholastica  (1675; London, 1683)  Latin

Authority of Scripture, pt. 1, Light of Scripture  23
.       pt. 2, Spirit’s Internal testimony  37
.       pt. 3, Opinion of Papists, true opinion confirmed  50
.       pt. 4, Objections solved  68
Scripture’s plenitude and sufficiency against necessity of some unwritten Word, pt. 1, Orthodox opinion  85
Authority of Vulgate, pt. 1, its author and authority according to Roman Church  93
.       pt. 2, Opinion of Protestants confirmed  102
Use and necessity of vernacular versions of Scripture  115
Perspicuity of Scripture  124
Scripture’s plenitude and sufficiency against necessity of some unwritten Word, pt. 2, Papists’ opinion and the true opinion confirmed  134
.      pt. 3, Objections to sufficiency solved  148
.      pt. 4, Papal arguments to reconcile unwritten traditions with equal authority to Scripture are resolved  167-77

Posthumous works: Preface  957
1. Controversies on Scripture  957

1. Canonical and apocryphal books  957
2. Integrity and authority of the Hebrew Text of the OT and Greek
Text of the NT  960
3. On the Septuagint  965
4. Necessity of Scripture  966-67


Oration on Scripture’s Divine Origin  1129-51

Le Blanc (1614-1675) was a French reformed professor of theology at Sedan.

Rijssen, Leonard – ch. 2, ‘Holy Scripture’  in A Complete Summary of Elenctic Theology & of as Much Didactic Theology as is Necessary  tr. J. Wesley White  MTh thesis  (Bern, 1676; GPTS, 2009), pp. 8-28

Rijssen (1636?-1700?) was a prominent Dutch reformed minister and theologian, active in theological controversies.

van Mastricht, Peter – ch. 2, ‘Holy Scripture’  in Theoretical-Practical Theology  ed. Joel Beeke, tr: Todd Rester  (RHB, 2018), vol. 1, Prolegomena, pt. 1, bk. 1, pp. 113-202

Heidegger, Johann H. – 2. ‘On Holy Scripture’  in The Concise Marrow of Theology  tr. Casey Carmichael  in Classic Reformed Theology, vol. 4  (RHB, 2019), pp. 13-21

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1700’s

à Brakel, Wilhelmus – ch. 2, ‘The Word of God’  in The Christian’s Reasonable Service, vols. 1  ed. Joel Beeke, trans. Bartel Elshout  Buy  (1700; RHB, 1992/1999), pp. 23-83

a Brakel (1635-1711) was a contemporary of Voet and Witsius and was a major representative of the Dutch Further Reformation.

Venema, Herman – 3-4. Of the Scriptures  in Translation of Hermann Venema’s inedited Institutes of Theology  tr. Alexander W. Brown  (d. 1787; Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1850), pp. 31-119

ToC: Defined, Books’ Number & Division, Languages of, Form of Letters, Vowel Points, Why Revelation Written, Necessity of, Canon, to whom, how made, Divinity of Scripture Proofs, Apocrypha

Venema (1697-1787) was a professor at Franeker.  Venema “maintained the fundamental line of confessional orthodoxy without drawing heavily on any of the newer philosophies…  and maintained a fairly centrist Reformed position.  Venema… evidence[s] the inroads of a rationalistic model…” – Richard Muller


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Books

1300’s

Wyclif, John – On the Truth of Holy Scripture  tr. Ian C. Levy  in TEAMS Commentary Series  (1377-1378; Medieval Institute Publications, 2001)  365 pp.

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1700’s

De Moor, Bernard – ch. 2, Concerning the Principium of Theology, or Holy Scripture  in Continuous Commentary on Johannes Marckius’ Didactico-Elenctic Compendium of Christian Theology  Buy  (Central, SC: From Reformation to Reformation Translations, 2018)  720 pp.

ToC

Summary
1. Denomination of the Word as Scripture
2. Definition of Scripture
3. Word of God Unwritten
4. Word of God Written
5. Infallible Inspiration of the Scriptures
6. Certainty of the Inspiration & Authority of
7. Scripture’s Authority & Church’s Testimony
8. Authenticity of the Hebrew & Greek Originals
9. Defended
10. Against the Vulgate’s Authenticity
11. Against the Samaritan & Septuagint’s Authenticity
12. Instrumental Cause of Scripture: Amanuenses
13. Canon of Scripture
14. Canon & the Church
15-16. Canonical Books Imperishable, pt. 1, 2
17-18. Abiding Canonicity of the Old Testament, pt. 1, 2
19-20. Apocrypha, pt. 1, 2
21. Argument of Scripture
22. Truth of
23. Self-Consistency of
24-26. Perspicuity of, pt. 1, 2, 3
27-31. Sufficiency of, pt. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
32. Proximate End of: Rule of Faith & Practice
33-34. Translation of, pt. 1, 2
35-36. Reading of, pt. 1, 2
37-38. Sense of, Simple or Composite, pt. 1, 2
39. Private & Ministerial Judgment
40. Supreme Judge: Neither Enthusiastic Experience, nor Reason
41-42. Not the Church, pt. 1, 2
43. Supreme Judge: Holy Spirit
44. Object of Interpretation: the Whole Scripture
45. Means of Proper Interpretation
46-47. Use of the Fathers in Interpretation, pt. 1, 2
48-49. Hermeneutical Canons, pt. 1, 2
50. Scripture’s Highest End


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On the Letter of the Word vs. the Spirit

Article

1500’s

Melanchthon, Philip – 18. ‘Of the Letter & the Spirit’  in Melanchthon on Christian Doctrine, Loci Communes, 1555  tr. Clyde L. Manschreck  (1555; NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965), pp. 201-2

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On Ecclesiastical Writings

Article

1500’s

Perkins, William –Ecclesiastical Writings’  in An Exposition of the Symbol, or Apostles’ Creed…  (Cambridge, 1595), pp. 3-4

Perkins (d. 1602) was an influential, puritan, Anglican clergyman and Cambridge theologian.


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Latin

1600’s

Alsted, Henry

ch. 2, ‘Sacred Scripture’  in Distinctions through Universal Theology, taken out of the Canon of the Sacred Letters & Classical Theologians  (Frankfurt: 1626), pp. 6-15

ch. 2, ‘On Sacred Scripture’  in Theological Common Places Illustrated by Perpetual Similitudes  (Frankfurt, 1630), pp. 7-16

Wendelin, Marcus Friedrich – Christian Theology  (Hanau, 1634; 2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1657), Prolegomena

ch. 2,‘Of the Causes & Subject of Sacred Scripture’, pp. 6-16
ch. 3,‘Of the Adjuncts of Sacred Scripture’, pp. 16-39

Rutherford, Samuel – ch. 1. ‘Scriptures & Fundamental Articles’  in The Examination of Arminianism  ed. Matthew Nethenus  (1639-1643; Utrecht, 1668), pp. 1-138

Voet, Gisbert

Syllabus of Theological Problems  (Utrecht, 1643), pt. 1, section 1, tract 1   Abbr.

2. The Necessity of Scripture
10. The Judge of Controversies
On the [Pontifical] Circle

[The Pontifical circle involved some variant of the argument that you should believe Scripture because of the Church’s testimony; and you should believe the Church because Scripture says to.]

Select Theological Disputations  (1667)

1. Some Problems on Scripture, pt. 1  1
2. pt. 2  12
3. pt. 3  22
4. pt. 4  31
5. pt. 5  38

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Related Pages

The Sufficiency of Scripture