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Subsection
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Order of Contents
Articles
Books
Quote
Created Being is Good
Latin
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Articles
1200’s
Aquinas, Thomas
Question 18, ‘The Good & Evil of Human Acts in General’ in Summa, First Part of the Second Part
ch. 114, ‘The Meaning of Good & Evil in Things’ in A Compendium of Theology
“As the term ‘good’ signifies perfect being, so the term ‘evil’ signifies nothing else than privation of perfect being. In its proper acceptation, privation is predicated of that which is fitted by its nature to be possessed, and to be possessed at a certain time and in a certain manner. Evidently, therefore, a thing is called evil if it lacks a perfection it ought to have.”
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1500’s
Suarez, Francisco – Metaphysics of Good & Evil According to Suarez: Metaphysical Disputations X & XI & Selected Passages from Disputation XXIII & Other Works (Analytica) Buy (Philosophia Verlag, 1989) 294 pp.
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1600’s
Alsted, Johann H. – 5. ‘On Goodness’ in A Most Concise Delineation of Metaphysics tr. by AI by OmegaPoint99 (Herborne, 1611), pp. 27-31 Latin
Senguerdius, Arnold – 8. ‘On Good’ The Idea of General & Special Metaphysics 1st ed. tr. by AI by OmegaPoint99 Buy (Utrecht, 1643), bk. 1, General Metaphysics, pp. 34-37 Latin
Senguerdius (1610-1667) was a reformed professor of metaphysics and physics at Utrecht and later a professor of philosophy at Amsterdam. Senguerdius was Voet’s most recommended author on metaphysics.
Edwards, John – The Eternal & Intrinsic Reasons of Good & Evil, a Sermon Preached at the Commencement at Cambridge… (Cambridge, 1699)
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1700’s
Krisper, Crescentius – 4. ‘What does the third property of being [ens], namely goodness, consist of?’ in The Whole of Metaphysics, based on Aristotle’s Metaphysics Books, dist. 4, ‘On the Properties & Attributes of Being in General & Particular’, pp. 142-46 tr. by AI by OmegPoint99 in The Theology of the Scotist School (1728)
Krisper (c.1679-1749) was a German Franciscan and Scotist.
Wishart, William – The Certain & Unchangeable Difference Betwixt Moral Good & Evil: a Sermon Preached Before the Societies for Reformation of Manners, at Salters-Hall… (London, 1732) 36 pp.
Chandler, Samuel – The Necessary & Immutable Difference Between Moral Good & Evil, Asserted & Explained: in a Sermon Preached to the Societies for Reformation of Manners, at Salters Hall… (London, 1738)
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1900’s
Wolter, Allan B. – ‘2. Ontological Goodness’ in Little Summary of Metaphysics (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1958), pt. 4, Remaining Attributes convertible with Being, pp. 108-9
Wolter was an American Scotus scholar and writes in that tradition.
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2000’s
Feser, Edward – ‘The Good’ in ch. 5, ‘Ethics’ in Aquinas: a Beginner’s Guide (OneWorld, 2010), pp. 148-55
Feser is an analytical Thomist.
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Books
2000’s
Oderberg, David – The Metaphysics Of Good & Evil (Routledge, 2020) 495 pp. ToC
Oderberg is an Analytical Thomist.
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Quote
1200’s
Thomas Aquinas
A Compendium of Theology, ch. 114, ‘The Meaning of Good & Evil in Things’
“As the term ‘good’ signifies perfect being, so the term ‘evil’ signifies nothing else than privation of perfect being. In its proper acceptation, privation is predicated of that which is fitted by its nature to be possessed, and to be possessed at a certain time and in a certain manner. Evidently, therefore, a thing is called evil if it lacks a perfection it ought to have.”
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That Created-Being, Even in Evil-Workers, is Good & is Willed & Loved of God as a Good
Order of Contents
Articles 2
Quotes 3
Latin 1
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Articles
Aquinas, Thomas
Question 5, ‘Of Goodness in General’, Article 3, ‘Whether every being is good?’ in Summa Theologiae, pt. 1
ch. 118, ‘Foundation of Evil in Good as its Substratum’ in A Compendium of Theology
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Quotes
Aquinas
Summa Theologiae, pt. 1, Question 20, God’s Love, Article 2, ‘Whether God Loves All Things?’
“Reply to Objection 4: Nothing prevents one and the same thing being loved under one aspect, while it is hated under another. God loves sinners insofar as they are existing natures; for they have existence and have it from Him. In so far as they are sinners, they have not existence at all, but fall short of it; and this in them is not from God. Hence under this aspect, they are hated by Him.”
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On Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 – 1340)
Gordon Leff, Bradwardine & the Pelagians (1957; rep. Cambridge, 2008), pp. 54-56
“Everything created, therefore, as coming from God, is good; and nothing created is, by nature, bad. We can, Bradwardine says, see this principle of goodness in everything that exists…
Accordingly, everything that tries to follow its true nature, as created and conserved by God, is good, since goodness is inherent in it. Only when this nature is impaired does evil arise; for it then ceases to be a complete entity.
…Thus all that exists in its own right, possessing a positive nature, such as, say an apple, and is not a parasite on the positive, such as the canker in an apple, is by nature good. In this sense we can include such actions [considered apart from their moral relations] as homicide and adultery; they cannot be bad [in themselves], according to Bradwardine, because they represent actions from which, by nature, value derives. If we condemned the acts by which homicide and adultery were achieved, we should condemn the positive results which are achieved by these same actions. Not only do these acts lend themselves to homicide and adultery; they are also responsible for death (in its natural sense) and marriage.
The nature of anything must not be confused with the purposes to which it is put: an apple as an apple is a positive nature, and good; if it is worm-eaten instead of healthy, its nature as an apple is still good. Being alone is pure goodness. Evil, on the other hand, has no essence or positive nature; it is lack of goodness, and so negative [Rom. 3:23], without a positive cause; it cannot therefore be regarded as part of the natural order of creation. Moreover as parasitic on the good, which alone is positive, evil is always associated with good, as for example in the case of homicide and adultery which represent the distortion of death and marriage. Evil can thus never exist on its own, for pure evil is the equivalent of pure deficiency, that is, nothing. Indeed, it is only because the created world is by nature good that evil comes about, being conditional upon it. Hence the presence of evil is simply further evidence for the existence of good.”
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Rutherford
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Latin Article
Bradwardine, Thomas – ch. 26, ‘That the whole universe of things is good and no thing of itself is bad; and it had the corollary that good and evil of itself, or goodness and pure malice are not contrary, [but] are privatively opposite’ in Of the Cause of God, Against the Pelagians, & on the Power of Causes, to those of Merton [College in Oxford], in 3 Books… (London, 1618) ToC
Bradwardine (c.1290-1349) was an English clerical scholar and theologian, known as Doctor Profundus. He was a favorite of Rutherford.
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Latin Articles
1500’s
Zanchi, Jerome – Thesis 4, ‘A good is not able to be a cause of evil per se, but only by way of accident’ in Of the Fall of the First Man, of Sin and of the Law in The Theological Works, vol. 4 (d. 1590; 1618; n.d.), 2. ‘Of Evil in General’, Thesis 2, p. 8
Goclenius, Rudolf – 6. ‘On the Good’ in An Introduction to the First Philosophy of the Peripatetics & Scholastics, which is Accustomed to be called Metaphysics; Some Disputations of this Kind are Appended (Frankfurt, 1598), pt. 1, Metaphysical Precepts, pp. 60-65
Goclenius (1547-1628) was a reformed professor of philosophy at Marburg.
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1600’s
Keckermann, Bartholomaus – 3. ‘Unity, Truth & Goodness’ in A Compendious System of the Science [Scientia] of Metaphysics, Furnished in Public Lectures in the Danzig Gymnasium… (Hanau, 1609 / 1615), bk. 1, On Substance
Alsted, Johann Heinrich
ch. 5. ‘Of Goodness’ in A Most Concise Delineation of Metaphysics, Simultaneously Publicly Proposed to be Disputed Again… (Herborne, 1611)
ch. 8. ‘Of Goodness’ in Metaphysics Drawn out in Three Books through Methodical Precepts, Select Theorems & Clear, Short Commentaries… (Herborne, 1613), bk. 1, Of Transcendentals, pp. 92-108 This is the same as his Most Exquisite Method of Metaphysics… (1611)
A Metaphysical Disputation on Uncreated Substance (Herborne, 1615)
Theorem 3, God is being, one, true, good, simply simple, independent and simply perfect 11-13
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Theorem 6, Good is being congruent with the will 6-17
ch. 8. ‘On Goodness’ in bk. 11 of the Encyclopedia, Propounding Metaphysics, in Two Distinct Parts in The Encyclopedia in Seven Distinct Tomes… (Herborne, 1630), pp. 585-86
Baron, Robert – sect. 5. ‘On Transcendental Good, which is an Affection of Being’ in General Metaphysics… All Accommodated to the Use of Theology… (d. 1639; London, 1658), pt. 1, pp. 39-49
Baron (1596–1639) was one of the Scottish Aberdeen doctors who had been a teacher of philosophy at the University of St. Andrews.
Combach, Johann – 7. ‘Good’ in The 3rd Edition of the Metaphysics, in Two Books, Comprehending the Universal Doctrine of First Philosophy by the Most Brief Theorems, Illustrated with Necessary Comments… (Frankfurt, 1630), bk. 1
Combach (1585-1651) was a professor of physics at Marburg.
Jacchaeus, Gilbert – 13. ‘On Goodness’ in Institutions of the First Philosophy, or of Metaphysics, in 6 Books (Leiden: Elsevir, 1640), bk. 2, pp. 75-80
Jacchaeus (c.1578-1628) was a reformed professor of philosophy at Herborn and Leiden.
Senguerdius, Arnold
7. ‘On Good’ in A Collection of Metaphysics, in which General Metaphysics is Briefly Propounded in 16 Disputations publicly ventilated in the illustrious Academy of Utrecht 2nd ed. (Utrecht, 1640)
Senguerdius (1610-1667) was a reformed professor of metaphysics and physics at Utrecht when this was written, and later a professor of philosophy at Amsterdam. Senguerdius was Voet’s most recommended author on metaphysics.
8. ‘On Good’ in The Idea of General & Special Metaphysics 3rd ed. (Utrecht, 1659), General Metaphysics, pp. 48-53
Revius, Jacobus – 10. ‘Of good, or of transendental goodness’ in Suarez Repurged, or a Syllabus of the Metaphysical Disputations of Francis Suarez, a Theologian of the Society of Jesus, with the Notes of Jacob Revius… (Leiden: 1644), pp. 129-40
Revius (1586-1658) was a reformed, professor of philosophy at Leiden who was anti-Cartesian.
Chamier, Daniel – bk 4, ch. 8, ‘Of Good & Evil’ in A Body of Theology, or Theological Common Places (Geneva, 1653), pp. 133-35
Burgersdijck, Franco – 20. ‘On Good & Evil’ in Institutions of Metaphysics in Two Books… last ed., largely emended (Hague, 1657), bk. 1, pp. 117-28
Burgersdijck (1590-1635) was a Dutch, reformed logician and professor of moral and natural philosophy. He was also earlier a professor of philosophy at the French University of Saumur.
Maccovius, Johannes & Adrian Heereboord – 8. ‘On the Good’ in Metaphysics Adorned & Applied for the Use of Questions in Philosophy & Theology, the 3rd edition, Explicating, Vindicating & Refuting, by Adrian Heereboord (Leiden, 1658), bk. 1, p. 51
Heidegger, Johann H. – The First Philosophical Disputation on Good & Evil (Heidelberg, 1659)
Heereboord, Adrian – Philosophical Outlines [Meletemata], in which Most Things in Metaphysics are Ventilated, the Whole of Ethics… is Explained, Universal Physics is Expounded through Theorems & Commentaries, & a Sum of Logical Things is Given through Disputations… 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1659)
A Collection of Ethics
2. On the Highest Good 8
3. On the Highest Good, pt. 2 13
4. On the Highest Good, pt. 3 17
5. On Spontaneity 22
[Sic] On the Highest Good, pt. 4 17-26
pt. 1
34. On the Good 121-25
pt. 2
3. On the Aristotelian Definition of the Highest Good & Virtue, & the Connection of Virtues 195-99
Ethical Exercises
4. On the Chief Good 16
5. On the Chief Good, pt. 2 21
6. On the Chief Good, pt. 3 25
7. On the Chief Good, pt. 4 30
8. On the Chief Good, pt. 5 34
9. On the Chief Good, pt. 6 38-42
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23. On Good & Evil in General 95
24. On Moral Goodness & Malice 99
25. On Moral Virtue 102
26. On Moral Virtue, pt. 2 106
27. On Moral Virtue, pt. 3 109
Leydekker, Melchior – 8. ‘Of the Origin of Good’ in Of the Truth of the Reformed, or Evangelical, Religion (Utrecht, 1688), bk. 2, pp. 236-53
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