“Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise Him; He hath put Him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, He shall see his seed, He shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand.”
Isa. 53:10
“…the prophets… searching… what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow.”
1 Pet. 1:10-11
“And He began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests, and scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again.”
Mk. 8:31
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Order of Contents
Articles 10+
Latin 5
Humiliation 8+
Exaltation 4
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Articles
Anthology of the Post-Reformation
Heppe, Heinrich – ch. 19, ‘Christ’s State of Exaninition & of Exaltation’ in Reformed Dogmatics ed. Ernst Bizer, tr. G.T. Thomson (1861; Wipf & Stock, 2007), pp. 488-510
Heppe (1820–1879) was a German reformed theologian.
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1600’s
Ames, William – The Marrow of Theology tr. John D. Eusden (1623; Baker, 1997), bk. 1
ch. 21, ‘The Life of the Humiliated Christ’, pp. 137-41
ch. 22, ‘The Death of Christ’, pp. 141-44
ch. 23, ‘The Exaltation of Christ’, pp. 144-49
Ames (1576-1633) was an English, puritan, congregationalist, minister, philosopher and controversialist. He spent much time in the Netherlands, and is noted for his involvement in the controversy between the reformed and the Arminians. Voet highly commended Ames’s Marrow for learning theology.
Synopsis of a Purer Theology: Latin Text & English Translation Buy (1625; Brill, 2016), vol. 2
27. ‘On Christ in his State of Humiliation’, pp. 130-58
28. ‘On Jesus Christ in his State of Exaltation’, pp. 158-80
Wolleb, Johannes – Abridgment of Christian Divinity (1626) in ed. John Beardslee, Reformed Dogmatics: J. Wollebius, G. Voetius & F. Turretin (Oxford Univ. Press, 1965), bk. 1
18. ‘The Humiliation of Christ the Mediator’, pp. 98-110
19. ‘The Exaltation of Christ the Mediator’, pp. 110-115
Wolleb (1589–1629) was a Swiss reformed theologian. He was a student of Amandus Polanus.
Leigh, Edward – A System or Body of Divinity… (London, A.M., 1654), bk. 5
5. Of Christ’s Double State of Humiliation & Exaltation 424
6. Of Christ’s Exaltation 438-47
Turretin, Francis – 9. ‘Was Christ the Mediator bound to perform his office under a twofold state? We affirm.’ in Institutes of Elenctic Theology, tr. George M. Giger, ed. James Dennison Jr. (1679–1685; P&R, 1994), vol. 2, 13th Topic, pp. 332-34
van Mastricht, Peter – Theoretical Practical Theology (2nd ed. 1698; RHB), vol. 4, pt. 1, bk. 5
ch. 9, ‘The Humiliation of the Mediator’ 269-90
ch. 14, ‘The Exaltation of the Mediator’ 479-98
Heidegger, Johann H. – 18. ‘On the State of Jesus Christ’ in The Concise Marrow of Theology tr. Casey Carmichael in Classic Reformed Theology, vol. 4 (1697; RHB, 2019), pp. 123-29
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1700’s
à Brakel, Wilhelmus – The Christian’s Reasonable Service, vols. 1 ed. Joel Beeke, trans. Bartel Elshout Buy (1700; RHB, 1992/1999)
ch. 22, ‘The State of Christ’s Humiliation by which He Made Satisfaction for the Sins of the Elect’, pp. 575-625
ch. 23, ‘The State of Christ’s Exaltation’, pp. 625-58
a Brakel (1635-1711) was a contemporary of Voet and Witsius and a major representative of the Dutch Further Reformation.
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1800’s
Vos, Geerhardus – ch. 5, ‘States’ in Reformed Dogmatics tr: Richard Gaffin 1 vol. ed. Buy (1896; Lexham Press, 2020), vol. 3, ‘Christology’, pp. 545-603
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1900’s
Berkhof, Louis – Systematic Theology (1950)
‘The State of Humiliation’ 24 paragraphs
‘The State of Exaltation’ 27 paragraphs
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Latin Articles
1600’s
Martinius, Matthew – A Theology on the Singular Person of our Lord Jesus Christ in Two Natures, holding, intimately indeed, but unconfusedly, as indivisible, in unity and in a true communion between them, being eternally exalted after the temporal emptying out, opening sayings out of the holy Scriptures with suitable reasons and ancient testimonies, contra the blasphemies, errors and slanders of heretics, especially of the Samosatenians, Socinians and Arians, even particularly Dr. Balthasar Mentzerus of the Ubiquitarians, professor in Giessen… (Bremen, 1614), bk. 2, Of his true, & Homoousias [Same-Substance] with Us, Humanity, for the Orthodox Doctrine, contra the Ubiquitarians…, pt. 1, Of the True Human Nature of our Lord, ch. 17, A Siezing Beforehand of their Flights by which the Ubiquitarians seek to enervate the sayings of the sacred letters which are adduced against themselves, Distinction 6: Through Abdication
‘Of the Emptying Out’, pp. 718-33
‘Of Exaltation’, pp. 733-60
Martinius was German reformed.
Wendelin, Marcus Friedrich – ch. 18, ‘Of the Parts of the Office of Christ [Humiliation & Exaltation]’ in Christian Theology (Hanau, 1634; 2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1657), bk. 1, ‘Knowledge of God’, pp. 300-14
Voet, Gisbert – Syllabus of Theological Problems (Utrecht, 1643), pt. 1, section 2, tract 2 Abbr.
Of his Life [Conversatione]
Of the Temptation
Of his Sufferings in General
Of Just Before the Passion, & of the Agony of
. Christ
Of the Prayer in Agony
Of the Death of Christ
Of the Piercing of the Side of Christ
Of the Killers of Christ
Of the Cross
Of the Swooning of Mary
Of the Burial
Of the Descent to Inferos
In General
Of the Transfiguration
Of the Resurrection
Of the Ascension of Christ
Of the Session at the Right Hand of the Father
Hoornbeek, Johannes – Theological Institutes, Harmonized from the Best Authors (Leiden, 1658), ch. 9, ‘Of Christ’
25. The twofold state of Christ is of the humiliation and of the exaltation. The former begins from the conception of Christ and then ceases at his death: Junius 328
26. The state of the exaltation of Christ begins from his resurrection, and beyond that encompasses the ascension and his session at the right hand: Ames 333
Wettstein, Gernler & Buxtorf – 11. Office of Christ & of Both States in A Syllabus of Controversies in Religion which come between the Orthodox Churches & whatever other Adversaries, for material for the regular disputations… customarily held in the theological school of the academy at Basil (Basil, 1662), pp. 35-41
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On the Humiliation of Christ
Article
1500’s
Ursinus, Zachary – The Sum of Christian Religion: Delivered… in his Lectures upon the Catechism… tr. Henrie Parrie (Oxford, 1587)
Of Christ’s Humiliation
. He Suffered under Pontius Pilate
Perkins, William – Christ’s Humiliation in An Exposition of the Symbol, or Apostles’ Creed… (Cambridge, 1595), p. 174
Perkins (d. 1602) was an influential, puritan, Anglican clergyman and Cambridge theologian.
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1600’s
Ames, William – The Marrow of Theology tr. John D. Eusden (1623; Baker, 1997), bk. 1
ch. 21, ‘The Life of the Humiliated Christ’, pp. 137-41
Synopsis of a Purer Theology: Latin Text & English Translation Buy (1625; Brill, 2016), vol. 2
27. ‘On Christ in his State of Humiliation’, pp. 130-58
Wolleb, Johannes – Abridgment of Christian Divinity (1626) in ed. John Beardslee, Reformed Dogmatics: J. Wollebius, G. Voetius & F. Turretin (Oxford Univ. Press, 1965), bk. 1
18. ‘The Humiliation of Christ the Mediator’, pp. 98-110
van Mastricht, Peter – Theoretical Practical Theology (2nd ed. 1698; RHB), vol. 4, pt. 1, bk. 5
ch. 9, ‘The Humiliation of the Mediator’ 269-90
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1700’s
à Brakel, Wilhelmus – The Christian’s Reasonable Service, vols. 1 ed. Joel Beeke, trans. Bartel Elshout Buy (1700; RHB, 1992/1999)
ch. 22, ‘The State of Christ’s Humiliation by which He Made Satisfaction for the Sins of the Elect’, pp. 575-625
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1900’s
Berkhof, Louis – Systematic Theology (1950)
‘The State of Humiliation’ 24 paragraphs
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Book
1800’s
Bruce, A.B. – The Humiliation of Christ in its Physical, Ethical & Official Aspects 2nd rev. ed. (NY: A.C. Armstrong, 1889) 475 pp. ToC
Bruce was a liberal scholar and professor in the Free Church of Scotland; nonetheless, this work is a standard that has a lot of useful information in it.
The first lecture covers Phil. 2:5-9 and introduces and analyzes the notion of kenosis, or emptying out. The next lectures cover early Church Christology, reformed and Lutheran Christologies and modern kenotic theories. The last two chapters cover further systematic issues.
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On the Exaltation of Christ
Articles
1500’s
Olevian, Caspar – An Exposition of the Apostle’s Creed (London, 1581), pt. 2
What fruit the faithful receive by that same sitting of Christ at the right hand of God, or rather by that exaltation of Christ in his kingdom and priesthood
The second fruit whereof we be partakers by this exaltation of Christ in the priesthood
The third fruit
The fourth fruit
What the exaltation of Christ is in his kingdom, which is the other part of the sitting of Christ at the right hand of God
What fruits we are partakers of by the exaltation of Christ in his kingdom
The second and the third fruit
The third fruit
Olevian (1536–1587) was a significant German reformed theologian, and has been said to be a co-author of the Heidelberg Catechism along with Zacharias Ursinus (though this has been questioned).
Perkins, William – An Exposition of the Symbol, or Apostles’ Creed… (Cambridge, 1595)
Christ’s Triumph 270
Christ’s Exaltation 305
Perkins (d. 1602) was an influential, puritan, Anglican clergyman and Cambridge theologian.
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1600’s
van Mastricht, Peter – Theoretical Practical Theology (2nd ed. 1698; RHB), vol. 4, pt. 1, bk. 5
ch. 14, ‘The Exaltation of the Mediator’ 479-98
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Latin Articles
1500’s
Zanchi, Jerome – On the Incarnation of the Son of God… (Heidelberg: Harnisch, 1593), bk. 2, Heresies on the Incarnation of Christ are Refuted, ch. 3, 12 Questions
Q. 12… Jn. 17, ‘Glorify Me with that glory…’ 490 the interpretation of Augustine 492 of Cyril, to glorify through the glory to be revealed 495 a twofold glorification of Christ 495 Col. 2, ‘In whom dwells all the fulness of the Deity bodily’ 497 the simile of a glowing iron 500 ‘In whom are all the treasures of wisdom…’ 502 Mt. 28, ‘All power is given unto Me’ 506 2 Cor. 10, ‘the weapons of our warfare are mighty’ 512 a certain grace of union and certain habitual grace has been given to Christ 515 Jn. 5, ‘Has given Him power to execute judgment because He is the Son of Man’ 518 places on the anointing of Christ 520 Jn. 5, ‘and I work with the Father simultaneously’ 524 Jn. 5 on the resuscitation of the dead 527, the proper life of God is not communicated to the flesh of Christ 530 multifold-life is in Christ 532 vivification is attributed to each nature, but in a diverse respect 536 Jn. 6, ‘He who eats my flesh has life’ 540 1 Jn. 1, ‘The blood of Christ cleanseth us from sins’ 542 Mt. 9, ‘But that ye may know that the Son of Man hath power to forgive sins 544 places on the exaltation of Christ, so sitting at the right hand 546 the judgment of Chemnitz 546 that sitting is unto nothing according to the Ubiquitarians 549 what sitting (the session) is, is explained out of Heb. 1 and other places 553 the judgment of John of Damascus on the sitting (session) 558 the false consequences of the Ubiquitarians shown forth 560 the inconstancy of Chemnitz & others 563 of what sort the glory of Christ was in Mt. Tabor [the mount of Transfiguration] 567 places on the vision of God and Christ, so Jn. 14, ‘Who sees me sees the Father’ 568 of the worship of the man-Christ 571 the second argument against the Ubiquitarians from the testimonies of the Fathers 576 Chemnitz alleges Fathers for himself, but perversely 578 his scope, defects and frauds 582-87 predications of Christ proper or improper 589 communion is a unity, not a real communication 592 the testimony of Leo evidenced 594 whether all given to Christ in time are given to the humanity 597 the 6th [Ecumenical] Synod and the sayings of Justin, Cyril, Athanasius, Sophronius against the Ubiquitarians 606 the Ubiquitarians badly cite the 6th Synod and its fathers, Athanasius, Euphem., Sophronius 609 the 7th Synod 612 Justin 613 of the coming in of Christ with the closed doors 618,671,716,724,729,743 Tertullian 620 Origen 621 of the simile of the glowing iron 624 the judgment of Basil on it, and why it was used by him [pp. 626-39 are repeated after p. 629] 630 the judgment of John of Damascus on this simile 638 the judgments of Athanasius and Cyril on the same 640 the saying of Esuebius of Caesarea 647 a man so is said to have been deified 652,694 Athanasius to Arius (and in another place he condemns the Ubiquitarians) does not support 656, 663 Eustath. 668 Hippolytus 669 Amphiloch. 670 Cyprian 671 Hilary on the glory of Christ, Jn. 17…
Zanchi is arguing against the Ubiquitarians (Lutherans) in this section, and their doctrine of the communication of properties between Christ’s natures.
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1600’s
Martinius, Matthew
‘The Testimonies Respecting the State of Exaltation’ in A Brief Confession on the Person of Christ, in which is Vindicated the Illustrious Testimonies of Scripture (even from the Corruptions of the Adversaries) which are against the Dogma of the Omnipresence of the Flesh of Christ which they are Accustomed to Agitate: so it is proposed to the Chuch of Christ to judge which is orthodox, or whether they are contaminated with the heresies of Nestorius and many others, the Arians, Marcionites & Eutycheans, as some vociferate daily, chiefly those slaves of Dr. Balthasar Mentzerus in Frankfurt [Germany] (Herborne, 1604), pp. 18-22
Martinius was German reformed. This is in the context of Christ’s flesh not being omnipresent, contra many of the Lutherans.
ch. 22, ‘Ubiquity is everted out of the State of Exaltation’ in A Theology on the Singular Person of our Lord Jesus Christ in Two Natures, holding, intimately indeed, but unconfusedly, as indivisible, in unity and in a true communion between them, being eternally exalted after the temporal emptying out, opening sayings out of the holy Scriptures with suitable reasons and ancient testimonies, contra the blasphemies, errors and slanders of heretics, especially of the Samosatenians, Socinians and Arians, even particularly Dr. Balthasar Mentzerus of the Ubiquitarians, professor in Giessen… (Bremen, 1614), bk. 2, Of his true, & Homoousias [Same-Substance] with Us, Humanity, for the Orthodox Doctrine, contra the Ubiquitarians…, pt. 1, Of the True Human Nature of our Lord, pp. 1,111-1,430
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“He sent a man before them, even Joseph, who was sold for a servant: Whose feet they hurt with fetters: he was laid in iron: Until the time that his word came: the word of the Lord tried him. The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the people, and let him go free. He made him lord of his house, and ruler of all his substance:”
Ps. 105:17-21
“I am He that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.”
Rev. 1:18
“Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God.”
Heb. 12:2
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Related Pages
Christ in the Old Testament & that He’s the Messiah
Christ’s Person & Human & Divine Natures
Christ’s Offices: Prophet, Priest & King